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Garment is presumably the only product where, in the tailoring process, a two‐dimensional fabric is converted into a three‐dimensional shape without indirect physical remodelling of the material. Such a remodelling is directly associated with the physical behaviour of fabric structure, which can be treated as a very complex system owing to its constructional properties. Fabrics are non‐homogeneous and anisotropic materials. Very small stresses on textile materials cause extremely large strains, so that the deformations occurring are highly non‐linear. Non‐linear properties of textile materials and thus, connected deformations at low stresses are closely related to the elastic potential and influence fabric draping and fitting of the garment manufactured. For this purpose, the relationship between fabric elastic potential, as an important property under lower tensile load, and garment appearance quality, will be investigated. The investigation is subdivided into two parts. The first part presents the study of relationship between the elastic potential and particular mechanical properties of fabrics, whereas the second part of the investigation is concerned with studying the influence of fabric elastic potential on the drapeability, respectively, appearance quality of the garment manufactured.

Knitted fabrics containing elastane provide high level of comfort and ease of usage because of the elastic and drape properties over the body. Knitted fabrics respond to every movement of the body and return back to its original shape easily so they are used widely for apparel production. The most important properties required from the elastic knitted garments are wear comfort, fit, breathability and durability. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of elastane yarn count and ground yarn count on the performance properties of 12 single jersey knitted fabrics were analysed after dying.

The research design for this study consists an experimental study. In all, 12 fabrics containing half plating and full plating elastane were produced using 30/1-40/1 Ne yarn counts. Bursting strength, stretch recovery, residual extension, air permeability, spirality and drape properties of fabrics were evaluated.

As a result of study it was found a certain effect as the elastane amount and count changed. For all types of knitted fabrics, bursting strength values increased and fabric spirality values decreased as the elastane amount and elastane yarn count increased. Also it was found a significant relationship between elastane amount and count with air permeability, spirality, bursting strength and drape.

As a result of the literature review, it was seen that the effects of elastane amount, elastane yarn count and fabric yarn count on the performance properties of knitted fabrics has not been studied broadly.

The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the production of cotton spandex woven fabric with some user-friendly properties like wearer comfort, super stretch and elasticity. The findings could contribute to ease spandex production and to optimize its property of elasticity. Stretch or a super stretch property is generally desirable, as it can increase the comfort level of those who wear it. In this experiment, the difficulties which were identified while manufacturing cotton spandex woven fabric resolved after identification.

In this experiment, three types of cotton spandex woven fabrics, with different composition and constructions, were used to find out their elastic properties. Temperature ranging from 160°C to 200°C with the machine speed of 20 to 26 MPM (meter per minute) was applied with an adjusted industrial setting with the facilities of a stenter machine to optimize the properties of cotton spandex woven fabric.

The findings establish that the temperature treatment closely compacted the elastic portions with cotton fibers, giving stability to the spandex yarn, which as a result, influenced cotton spandex woven fabric’s elastic properties, namely, stretch, growth and recovery. The consequences of temperature on cotton spandex yarns were assessed using a microscope, and the results were subsequently analyzed.

Because of the poor facilities in testing laboratory, only few tests with microscopic evaluation were conducted to assess the elastic performances of cotton spandex woven fabric.

It is a practice-based research, and the findings could be beneficial to personnel in the textile industry, who are responsible for the manufacturing of cotton spandex woven fabric.

This research could enhance the wearer’s satisfaction, with some comfort elastic properties, which can have a positive influence over spandex clothing industries.

This research establishes that heat setting had a progressive influence on the production of cotton spandex woven fabric and for the optimization of its elastic performances. This research opens a possible way for scholars to further study in this field.

Oil film thickness measurements made in the front main bearing of an operating 3.8 L, V‐6 engine were compared with rheological measurements made on a series of commercial and experimental oil blends. High‐temperature, high‐shear‐rate viscosity measurements correlated with the film thickness of all single‐grade and many multigrade oils. However, the film thickness provided by some multigrade oils were larger than could be accounted for by their high‐temperature, high‐shear‐rate viscosities alone. Although the pressure/viscosity coefficients of some of the oils were significantly different from those of the majority of oils tested, they were not oils which produced unusual film thicknesses. As a consequence, correcting oil viscosities for the esimated pressures acting within the bearing was unsuccessful in improving the correlations. The correlations were improved, however, by accounting for the elastic properties of the multigrade oils. Measurements of oil relaxation times at high temperatures and shear rates showed large differences in elastic properties among the test oils. A good correlation (R2 = 0.73) was obtained from a multiple linear regression of film thickness as a function of both high‐temperature, high‐shear‐rate viscosities and relaxation times.

In this study we examine the spectral properties of stiffness degradation at the constitutive level and at the levels of finite elements and their assemblies. The principal objective is to assess the effects of defects on the elastic stiffness properties at different levels of observation. In particular, we are interested in quantitative damage measures, which characterize the fundamental mode of degradation in the form of elastic damage at the level of constitutive relations and at the level of finite elements and structures.

The strength of printed parts by application of fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been broadly studied through experimental methods. However, constitutive behaviors of the printed parts in theory are still unclear. Therefore, this paper aims to focus on building an elasto-plastic model of the printed parts to reveal the constitutive behavior.

An elasto-plastic constitutive model that considers anisotropic characteristics is proposed. Tensile tests are performed for parameter identification by using different samples with varying printing angles. Finally, the constitutive model is completed and applied to the numerical analysis of a tensile procedure.

The experimental study indicated that the anisotropic characteristics are significant for elastic modulus and strength of printed parts. The polar anisotropic model is suitable for describing the anisotropic behavior of parts during the elastic deformation. The Hill model is suitable to describe the yield property. The elastic modulus and yield point of parts printed in any specific orientation can be calculated using the proposed constitutive model.

A theoretical model has been developed to describe the constitutive behavior of FDM printed part. This model can precisely describe the elastic behavior and yield point of parts printed with various orientations. This model can be applied to the finite element simulation of printed structures.

This study aims to investigate the tensile strength and elastic modulus of custom-designed polymer composites developed using voxel-based design. This study also evaluates theoretical models, such as the rule of mixtures, Halpin–Tsai model, Cox–Krenchel model and the Young–Beaumont model and the ability to predict the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced composites based on changes in the design of rigid particles at the microscale within a flexible polymer matrix.

This study leverages the PolyJet process for voxel-printing capabilities and a design of experiments approach to define the microstructural design elements (i.e. aspect ratio, orientation, size and volume fraction) used to create custom-designed composites.

The comparison between the predictions and experimental results helps identify appropriate methods for determining the mechanical properties of custom-designed composites ensuring informed design decisions for improved mechanical properties.

This work centers on multimaterial additive manufacturing leveraging design freedom and material complexity to create a wide range of composite materials. This study highlights the importance of identifying the process, structure and property relationships in material design.

This paper aims to develop a numerical, micromechanical model to predict the evolution of autogenous shrinkage of hydrating cement paste at early age (up to 7 days). Autogeneous shrinkage can be important in high-performance concrete characterized by low water to cement (w/c) ratios. The occurrence of this phenomenon during the first few days of hardening may result in early-age cracking in concrete structures. A good prediction of autogeneous shrinkage is necessary to achieve better understanding of the mechanisms and the deployment of effective measures to prevent early-age cracking.

Three-dimensional digital microstructures from the hydration modelling platform μic of cement paste were used to simulate macroscopic autogenous shrinkage based on the mechanism of capillary tension. Elastic and creep properties of the digital microstructures were calculated by means of finite element (FE) method homogenization. Autogenous shrinkage was then estimated as the average hydrostatic strain resulting from the capillary stress that was globally applied on the simulated digital microstructures. For this estimation, two approaches of homogenization technique, i.e. analytical poro-elasticity and numerical creep-superposition were used.

The comparisons of between the simulated and experimentally measured deformations indicate that the creep-superposition approach is more reasonable to estimate shrinkage at different water to cement ratios. It was found that better estimations could be obtained at low degrees of hydration, by assuming a loosely packed calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) growing in the microstructures. The simulation results show how numerical models can be used to upscale from microscopic characteristics of phases to macroscopic composite properties such as elasticity, creep and shrinkage.

While the good predictions of some cement paste properties from the microstructure at early age were obtained, the current models have several limitations that are needed to overcome in the future. Firstly, the limitation of pore-structure representation is not only from lack understanding of C-S-H structure but also from the computational complexity. Secondly, the models do not consider early-age expansion that usually happens in practice and appears to be superimposed on an underlying shrinkage as observed in experiments. Thirdly, the simplified assumptions for mechanical simulation do not accurately reflect the solid–liquid interactions in the real partially saturated system, for example, the globally applying capillary stress on the boundary of the microstructure to find the effective deformation, neglecting water flow and the pore pressure. Last but not least, the models, due to the computational complexities, use many simplifications such as FE approximation, mechanical phase properties and creep statistical data.

This study holistically tackles the phenomenon of autogeneous shrinkage through microstructural modelling. In a first such attempt, the authors have used the same microstructural model to simulate the microstructural development, elastic properties, creep and autogeneous shrinkage. The task of putting these models together was not simple. The authors have successfully handled several problems at each step in an elegant manner. For example, although several earlier studies have pointed out that discrete models are unable to capture the late setting times of cements due to mesh effects, this study offers the most effective solution yet on the problem. It is also the first time that creep and shrinkage have been modelled on a young evolving microstructure that is subjected to a time variable load.

Presents the influence of rheological properties of a sewing thread on its dynamical loads in a stitch formation process, or on change of thread strength as a consequence of dynamical loads in the sewing process, respectively. Research work shows the change in thread strength, as a result of the stitch formation process forming dynamic loads of a thread, as a function of rheological properties of a thread.

Examines the twelfth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.