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“Digital India” was launched by the Government of India in July 2015, with a vision of transforming India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. India's momentum toward digitalization took a swift pace after the demonetization of currency notes of 500 and 1,000 rupees. The government stressed the use of digitalized payments through apps that use UPI (Unified Payment Interface) and Core Banking System to move the banking sector toward a more digitalized system. The Nordic countries, on the other hand, had a developed digitalized system from the late 1990s and in the present context, they are in paramount positions in terms of global digitalized economies. In recent times Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland have performed overwhelmingly in terms of Digital Economy and Social Index (DESI). The Internet penetration in India and the use of mobile phones in the country is compared with the Nordic countries, trying to present the comparative advantage in those countries.

Propensity to dollarize in Latin America in the demand-side of some economies of the region has a strong political risk component which, in the past, was mainly carried out by inflationary pressures. Coping with risk meant holding FCDs. A recursive multilevel model is developed and empirically tested with Colombia’s data to stress a country-specific tendency to dollarize due to political risk. The chapter’s conclusions suggest that consideration of issues, policies and implications inherent to the decision to dollarize cannot ignore that, the solution to any government-enforced dilemma in the supply-side of these economies, is also politically motivated. Results of a survey are also provided.

Purpose – This chapter investigates the role of infrastructure aid to developing countries for determining the effect on national income and consumer welfare. The chapter further demonstrates the conditions for the Dutch disease effect by decomposing the output effects of infrastructure aid into the initial factor-saving effect, factor-substitution effect and nontraded good effect.

Methodology/approach – This chapter extends the Heckscher−Ohlin model to a 3×2 case with two traded goods and a nontraded good, and derives comparative static results on factor prices, the price of nontraded goods, foreign exchange rate, sectoral outputs, and national income and consumer welfare.

Findings – It is shown that for a recipient country, infrastructure aid to either the export or import sector necessarily raises national income and consumer welfare, whereas the same aid to the nontraded good sector does not affect national income but raises consumer welfare. Infrastructure aid may lead to a Dutch disease effect via its three effects on industrial outputs: the initial factor-saving effect, factor-substitution effect and nontraded good effect.

Research limitations/implications – This chapter considers infrastructure capital as a public input, but it is devoid of analysis of inter-industrial spillover effects that the infrastructure capital generates to other sectors.

Practical implications – This chapter reveals several aspects of infrastructure aid that the practitioners of aids must consider.

Weak regional commercial and productive integration and monetary dependence on the economic poles are evidence of the consolidation of Latin America's peripheral position in the world economy. This research analyzes different monetary initiatives launched individually or collectively by countries in the region to alleviate this position, such as the petro, the SUCRE, or El Salvador's bet on the legal acceptance of bitcoin as a payment instrument. After identifying some of their limitations, we propose some basis for monetary coordination with which to advance in the dynamization of productivity and trade complementarity of the countries of the region.

One important characteristic of cryptocurrencies has been their high and erratic volatility. To represent this complicated behavior, recent studies have emphasized the use of autoregressive models frequently concluding that generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models are the most adequate to overcome the limitations of conventional standard deviation estimates. Some studies have expanded this approach including jumps into the modeling. Following this line of research, and extending previous research, our study analyzes the volatility of Bitcoin employing and comparing some symmetric and asymmetric GARCH model extensions (threshold ARCH (TARCH), exponential GARCH (EGARCH), asymmetric power ARCH (APARCH), component GARCH (CGARCH), and asymmetric component GARCH (ACGARCH)), under two distributions (normal and generalized error). Additionally, because linear GARCH models can produce biased results if the series exhibit structural changes, once the conditional volatility has been modeled, we identify the best fitting GARCH model applying a Markov switching model to test whether Bitcoin volatility evolves according to two different regimes: high volatility and low volatility. The period of study includes daily series from July 16, 2010 (the earliest date available) to January 24, 2019. Findings reveal that EGARCH model under generalized error distribution provides the best fit to model Bitcoin conditional volatility. According to the Markov switching autoregressive (MS-AR) Bitcoin’s conditional volatility displays two regimes: high volatility and low volatility.

This chapter review studies on green banking practices and identifies information gaps to justify future research approaches.

A systematic literature review has been conducted by analyzing 44 Scopus-indexed articles on adopting green banking practices through the PRISMA flowchart and analyzed through Vosviewer software.

The findings indicate that survey studies comprised 82% of the selected papers. The Journal of Cleaner Production was the most-cited publication, with 471 citations. France was most frequently involved in collaborative research, with connections to six other countries. Notably, two-thirds of the listed countries had collaborated internationally in publications, but with less than 10 countries involved, based on the 44 studies included in the analysis.

According to the authors' best knowledge, no systematic literature review on green banking practices from the Scopus database utilizing the PRISMA approach has been published in academic literature.

The pitfalls observed in previous research, such as the paucity of an empirical and conceptual methodology and a systematic investigation of theory development, give numerous opportunities for future research. Following this, many new trends in green banking are outlined to assist researchers in identifying gaps in the literature and future study directions.

The study aids researchers, professionals, and managers in understanding green banking adoption's significance. Banks can increase their economic scenarios by using this concept in new markets with excessive potential for employment and business avenues. In addition, the study highlights the value of sustainable practices, environmental concerns, and the importance of green banking.