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1 – 10 of 86Saira Faisal, Aurelio Tronci, Muhammad Ali, Long Lin and Ningtao Mao
The purpose of this study is to identify the most influential factors affecting the printing properties and print quality of digitally printed silk fabrics in terms of colour…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify the most influential factors affecting the printing properties and print quality of digitally printed silk fabrics in terms of colour strength and fixation percentage.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, five factors (concentration of thickener, concentration of urea, concentration of alkali, pH of pretreatment liquor and steaming duration) were investigated using a blocked 25−1 fractional factorial experiment. The type of thickeners [polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide (PAM)] were considered as a block.
Findings
Linear models were obtained and statistically tested using both analysis of variance and coefficient of determination (R2), and they were found to be accurate at 90 per cent confidence level. It was revealed that concentration of alkali, concentrations of urea and pH of the pretreatment liquor had an increasing effect on colour strength, whereas concentration of thickener and steaming duration showed decreasing effect on colour strength of digitally printed silk fabrics. Furthermore, concentration of alkali, concentrations of urea had increasing effect on dye fixation percentage, whereas steaming duration showed decreasing effect on dye fixation percentage of digitally printed silk fabrics. In addition, PAM thickener based pretreatment recipe exhibited better printing properties for the digitally printing of silk fabrics.
Originality/value
The main influences and significant two-factor interactions were discussed in detail to gain a better understanding of the printing properties of digitally printed silk fabrics. The findings of this study are useful for further optimisation of pre- and post-treatment processes for digital printing of silk fabrics.
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Nilam C. Patel, Dipen H. Desai and Paresh N. Patel
This paper aims to develop a novel protocol for the synthesis of disperse dyes derived by a triple cascade reaction with lawsone in presence of Zn acetate as a catalyst. The…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop a novel protocol for the synthesis of disperse dyes derived by a triple cascade reaction with lawsone in presence of Zn acetate as a catalyst. The developed novel scaffolds have efficient dyeing properties on nylon and polyester fibers.
Design/methodology/approach
This report demonstrates an effectual triple cascade protocol for the synthesis of novel disperse dyes derived from various polynuclear carbaldehyde, urea and lawsone. The Zn acetate was found to be an effective catalyst for this reaction. Their dyeing performance has been studied on nylon and polyester fabrics. The wash fastness, sublimation fastness, color assessment, determination of percentage exhaustion and fixation properties were applied to both the dyed fabrics.
Findings
The obtained results indicate that the Zn acetate is an efficient catalyst for the developed triple cascade protocol. The prepared novel disperse dye greatly impacted their dyeing properties on nylon and polyester fibers. They have shown brilliant shades, higher affinity, adsorption capacity, superior tinctorial strength than the lawsone. The percentage exhaustion value, fixation value, color strength (K/s) value, washing and sublimation fastness properties have been found very well in all dyed nylon samples compared to polyester samples. These results discloses that these disperses dyes are very useful to the growing importance of nylon and polyester fibers.
Research limitations/implications
The present protocol synthesizes the racemic mixture of the prepared molecules.
Practical implications
Developed protocol can be used for various other triple cascade processes. Also these molecules can be used for dyeing of other fabrics.
Social implications
With the help of commercialization of prepared molecules, it may provide the better alternative of the current disperse dyes. This may affect the various segments of society.
Originality/value
This report represents a novel protocol for the synthesis of modified novel disperse dyes with an efficient dyeing properties on nylon and polyester fibers.
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Sheraz Hussain Siddique Hussain Yousfani, Salma Farooq, Quratulain Mohtashim and Hugh Gong
Porosity is one of the most important properties of the textile substrate. It can influence the comfort of a garment by affecting its breathability and thermal conductivity…
Abstract
Purpose
Porosity is one of the most important properties of the textile substrate. It can influence the comfort of a garment by affecting its breathability and thermal conductivity. During the process of dyeing, the dye liquor comes in contact with the substrate; the absorption of the dye liquor into the substrate will be dependent on its porosity. The concept of porosity between the yarns of fabric is a common phenomenon; however, the porosity between the fibres in the yarn can also influence the dyeing behaviour of the fabric.
Design/methodology/approach
In this research, ring and rotor yarns of 25/s and 30/s counts are considered as textile substrates. The porosity of yarns was determined theoretically and experimentally using the image analysis method.
Findings
It was found that theoretical porosity is independent of the yarn manufacturing method. In addition, 30/s yarn was more porous as compared with 25/s yarn having a higher pore area. Rotor yarns had higher porosity, dye fixation and K/S as compared with ring yarns. Dyeing behaviour was also dependent on the count of yarn. Specifically, 30/s yarns have higher dye fixation as compared with 25/s yarns. However, 25/s yarns were dyed with deeper shades showing higher K/S values. Also, 25/s yarns are coarser than 30/s yarns having higher diameters and cross-sectional area, thus resulting in deeper shades and higher K/S values.
Originality/value
This novel technique is based on the comparative study of the porosity of various types of yarns using the image analysis technique. This investigation shows that the porosity between the fibres in the yarn can also influence the dyeing behaviour of the yarn.
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D.P. Chattopadhyay, R.B. Chavan and J.K. Sharma
Fibre reactive dyes are very popular for cellulosic garments as they are environmentally safe and having good overall fastness properties. But application of these dyes requires a…
Abstract
Purpose
Fibre reactive dyes are very popular for cellulosic garments as they are environmentally safe and having good overall fastness properties. But application of these dyes requires a very high concentration of salt. The salt released from garment dyeing increases salinity in drain water stream which has a negative impact on environmental ecology. The present work aims to eliminate the usage of salt during dyeing of cotton goods with reactive dyes.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology adopted here, for the elimination of salt in cotton dyeing, was based on the principle of cationisation (to develop a positive charge) of cotton. The same was achieved by subjecting the caustic pretreated cotton fabric samples to a treatment of 1, 2 dichloroethane followed by methylamine to introduce amino groups in the cellulose structure. The treated cotton when dyed from slightly acidic bath generates positive sites due to protonation in the amino group. The reactive dyes being anionic (negatively charged) in solution get attracted to the positive charges on the fibre which eliminates the salt requirements for satisfactory dye exhaustion.
Findings
The investigation was conducted for cold brand, hot brand and highly exhaustive reactive dyes. The modified cotton showed excellent dye exhaustion for all the dyes in the absence of salt. The treatment was found to improve the dye fixation also. The modification was assessed through elemental analysis.
Research limitations/implications
This study may be further extended to viscose material after suitably modifying the treatment conditions.
Practical implications
A pretreatment to cotton which could eliminate the usage of salt in its dyeing with reactive dyes is revealed.
Originality/value
The study explored a newer technique of cotton dyeing without salt usage. Both garment dyeing units and fabric/yarn finishing industries would thus be helpful.
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Hatem E. Gaffer, Mohamed R. Elgohary, Hassan Ali Etman and Saad Shaaban
The purpose of this paper was to synthesize novel antibacterial reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to synthesize novel antibacterial reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics.
Design/methodology/approach
Four synthetic novel antibacterial reactive dyes based on sulfonamide (D1-D4) have been synthesized by the coupling reaction of sulfonamide diazonium salt with sulfonamido-cyanurated 7-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid “j-acid”. The chemical structure of the synthesized dyes was secured by their spectral data [infra red (IR) and proton Nuclear magnetic Resonance (1HNMR)].
Findings
The prepared reactive dyes (D1-D4) were applied to cotton fabrics. Optimum conditions of the dying samples at sodium sulfate 100 g/l, liquor ratio (L.R.) 1:10, sodium carbonate 20 g/l at 80°C (D1, D2 and D4), 60°C (D3 for 60 min) were investigated. The fastness properties toward washing, perspiration, rubbing and light were evaluated. Dyed fabrics showed good light fastness property and good to very good washing and perspiration fastness properties according to the gray scale. Antimicrobial activities for synthesized dyes showed excellent activity against gram-negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis faecalis, whereas very good activity against gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis with respect to the standard drugs ampicillin and chloramphenicol.
Originality/value
The principle advantages in this study were that the synthesis of novel synthesized dyes by introducing bisulfonamide-based moieties to increase the antimicrobial activity of the cellulose fabrics could be used as a medical textile, short reaction time and reaction procedure conducted in few steps, the work up is convenient and thus the starting material can be easily prepared.
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Ping Zhang, Wenju Zhu, Md. Yousuf Hossain, Shamima Sarker, Md. Nahid Pervez, Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal, Chao Yan, Yingjie Cai and Vincenzo Naddeo
The conventional textile dyeing process requires various operational characteristics, and determining the most reliable factor in dyeing performance has always been a challenge…
Abstract
Purpose
The conventional textile dyeing process requires various operational characteristics, and determining the most reliable factor in dyeing performance has always been a challenge for the textile industry. Thus, the present paper aimed to evaluate the process sensitivity of C. I. Reactive Blue 194 dyeing of cotton fabric using a statistical technique.
Design/methodology/approach
An L27 orthogonal array-based Taguchi's methodology was used with six parameters and three levels of each parameter. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance were studied using total fixation efficiency (T%) as the response of the process sensitivity.
Findings
Results showed that dyebath pH was the most influential factor on the process and total fixation efficiency (p-value = 0.00 and contribution percentage 45.03%), followed by dye-fixing temperature, dye mass, electrolyte concentration, dye-fixing time and material to liquor ratio.
Originality/value
Overall this study provides a foundation for the determination of dyeing process sensitivity that will be useful in textile industries toward further development.
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Fatma Ali Mohamed and Rafaat Melad Mohareb
The purpose of this paper is to synthesise, characterise and find out properties of some new bifunctional dyes bis (monochlorotriazine) using tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene systems…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to synthesise, characterise and find out properties of some new bifunctional dyes bis (monochlorotriazine) using tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene systems as the chromophoric moiety, bearing good colour strength, lightfastness, and other favourable properties.
Design/methodology/approach
The novel reactive dyes were prepared, containing bis monochlorotriazine as reactive groups. The dye is synthesised by diazotization and coupling reactions. Firstly the authors synthesised the ethyl 2‐amino 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen‐3‐carboxylate chromophoric moiety compound which in turn underwent diazotization and coupling then diazotized and coupled reaction with either 1‐amino‐8‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulphonic acid (H‐acid) and or 2‐amino‐8‐naphthol‐6‐sulphonic (γ acid) to give the monoazo dye intermediates compounds. The latter products reacted with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine in 1:1 molar ratio afforded, via nucleophilic displacement when subjected to condensation 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine in 1:1 molar ratio afforded via nucleophilic displacement, which reacted with 1,4‐phenylenediamine in 2:1 molar ratio to give reaction with the 1,4‐phenylenediamine in 2:1 molar ratio, the bisazobifunctional bismonochlorotriazine reactive dyes.bisazo bifunctional bismonochlorotriazine reactive dyes thus yielding the new target reactive. The synthesised dyes were applied onto cotton fabric under the typical exhaust dyeing conditions and their dyeing properties were investigated.
Findings
The results assessed for dyeing indicate high quality dyeing properties However, the homobifunctional (bis MCT) dyes showed higher exhaustion and fixation values, colour yield and fastness properties.
Practical implications
The described method showed the synthesis of bis monochlorotriazines derived from the tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivative 3 followed by their application towards cotton fabric.
Social implications
Social implications are to prepare new reactive dyes having higher fastness and uses for dyeing cotton which is the commonest fabric use.
Originality/value
In this work, the novel reactive dyes derived from the tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivative 3 were synthesized and their structures were based on the analytical and spectral data. Such a group of compounds are considered to be excellent reactive dyes with different colour shades.
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Nur Shafiyah Mohamad Shafi, Mariam-Aisha Fatima and Normaziana Hassan
This paper aims to develop a new method of protein detection in fabric using purified henna extract targeted to be used as a precautionary step by protein contact dermatitis (PCD…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop a new method of protein detection in fabric using purified henna extract targeted to be used as a precautionary step by protein contact dermatitis (PCD) patients.
Design/methodology/approach
Henna contains lawsone, which is known for its reaction with amino acid, resulting in the formation of a highly coloured compound. Dye exhaustion test of 2 per cent purified henna extract was done on both protein and non-protein fabric, and the results were analysed using independent samples t-test to assess the significant differences of the comparison. Then, protein fabric indicator was developed by incorporating purified henna extract. It was tested for its dye ability and stability.
Findings
Protein fabrics showed a significant higher dye exhaustion (p = 0.001) in which pure silk came in first with 21.70 per cent ± 2.53, silk/rayon, 13.96 per cent ± 0.55, viscose/wool, 9.57 per cent ± 1.36, cotton/spandex, 5.89 per cent ± 0.86, linen/cotton, 5.26 per cent ± 1.29, cotton, 4.87 per cent ± 1.51, polyester/viscose, 4.69 per cent ± 1.09, linen, 4.56 per cent ± 0.86, polyester/cotton, 3.90 per cent ± 0.29 and polyester and 3.88 per cent ± 0.66. Two different forms of protein fabric indicator were developed: capsule and tablet. Both indicators showed good observable dye exhaustion and fixation results. Orange henna dye was fixed on protein fabric while non-protein fabric returned to its original colour after washing procedure. However, the tablet form showed better performance in terms of functionality and stability.
Originality/value
This study will help general community to better understand fibre and its constituents, especially protein where clothing is an integral part of human life because it comes in direct contact with the human skin. As PCD caused by clothing and textile is an uncommon disease, it may also help in creating awareness on how some people may develop contact dermatitis through fabric. This is because the fabric’s protein content is a causative allergen, which most people tend to overlook. For the researcher, this study helps to elucidate some critical areas in PCD for clothing and textile as this topic can be considered an understudy. There is no standard method to detect protein in fabric, especially blended fabric. Thus, a portable kit to detect protein in fabric will be developed in this study. This kit will benefit PCD patients to ease them in finding the right fabric for their skin.
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H.Z. Shams, Y.A. Youssef, F.A. Mohamed, M.M. El‐Zawahry, M.H. Helal and E.A. El‐Kharadly
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of modifying reactive azo dyes using pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazole fused systems as the chromophoric moiety which could satisfy…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of modifying reactive azo dyes using pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazole fused systems as the chromophoric moiety which could satisfy many and varied criteria drawn from economic, synthetic, physicochemical and fastness properties.
Design/methodology/approach
Six novel heterocyclic disazo reactive dyes were prepared, containing monofunctional sulphatoethylsulphone (SES) and hetero‐bifunctional monochlorotriazine (MCT)/SES reactive groups. Dyes intermediates based on 4‐arylazo‐1,5‐dioxopyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazole chromophoric moieties are initially synthesised and coupled with two different diazonium salts having the aforementioned reactive groups, thus yielding the new target reactive dyes. The synthesised dyes are applied to cotton, wool and silk fabrics under the typical exhaust dyeing conditions and their dyeing properties were investigated.
Findings
The results assessed for dyeing indicate high‐quality dyeing properties. However, the heterobifunctional MCT/SES dyes showed higher exhaustion and fixation values, colour yields and fastness properties than those of the monofunctional SES dyes.
Research limitations/implications
The method developed provided a simple and practical procedure for producing fused pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazole disazo chromophoric systems that afford valuable reactive dyes. In addition, the dyes intermediates based on 4‐arylazo‐1,5‐dioxopyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazole as well as their disazo counterparts could be applied as acid dyes to wool and silk.
Originality/value
The method for producing novel disazo reactive dyes could find numerous applications for affording a variety of reactive dyes with different binding linkages and structural reactivity. These could be valuable as reactive dyes with different colour shades.
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Fatma A. Mohamed, Saadia A. Abd El-Megied, Mahmoud S. Bashandy and Hassan M. Ibrahim
This study aims to synthesise and characterise new reactive dyes based on thiazole derivatives which act as chromophoric moieties. These dyes were applied to cotton fabric…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to synthesise and characterise new reactive dyes based on thiazole derivatives which act as chromophoric moieties. These dyes were applied to cotton fabric, resulting in the dyed fabrics exhibiting good colour strength, light fastness and other fastness properties. The antibacterial activity of the dyed cotton fabric was evaluated against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Design/methodology/approach
The dyes were synthesised in two steps. First, the coupling compound was formed by adding H-acid solution to cyanuric chloride in an ice bath at pH 5 then adding 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid portion-wise at room temperature and at pH 6-7. Second, different diazonium salts 4-phenylthiazol-2-amine (2a) and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl) thiazol-2-amine (2b) were coupled with the coupling compound at pH 5. The resultant monochlorotriazine (MCT)-reactive dyes (6a, 6b) were formed. The synthesised dyes were applied onto cotton fabric under typical exhaust dyeing conditions and their dyeing properties were investigated.
Findings
High antimicrobial activity, dye exhaustion and fixation yield on cotton fabric were recorded for each dye. All dyes showed high stability against washing, rubbing, perspiration and light fastness.
Research limitations/implications
Dyeing of cotton fabric with these dyes which have higher fastness, higher exhaustion and higher antibacterial activity is considered one of the most important reactive dyes species.
Practical implications
The preparation procedure showed the synthesis of the novel MCT-reactive dyes derived from thiazole derivatives followed by the application of these dyes on cotton fabrics.
Social implications
Use of reactive dyes will bring a number of benefits to society including higher fastness and higher antibacterial activity so, and these dyes can be used for dyeing cotton.
Originality/value
In this work, the new reactive dyes derived from thiazole derivatives were synthesised and their structures were confirmed by the analytical and spectral data. Such compounds are considered to be excellent reactive dyes with different colour shades and higher antibacterial activity.
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