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This article aims to summarize Norwegian cleaning‐related research to give an overview of the knowledge held today and to categorize the approaches used.

The research is based on an extensive literature search. Research contributions from 1814 until 2009 were studied, even though the main findings are from 1950. The different disciplines contributing to research are mapped and the contributions are categorized based on different research approaches, namely positivism, interpretivism, realism and idealism.

Norwegian cleaning‐related research experienced a burst in publications from the 1990s. The majority of Norwegian cleaning‐related research has been positivistic, mostly based on realism. The least common approach used was interpretivism‐idealism and interviews were the most frequently used method in interpretivisitc contribution. The article indicates a need for further broadening in research methods.

Through categorizing existing knowledge the article will help when searching for information and thus stimulate more research as limited research exists within the field.

The paper represents a summary of the knowledge status in cleaning with a Norwegian perspective. It is believed that the general picture also has international relevance.

Few researchers have investigated cleaning work from the perspective of cleaning personnel. It should also be noted that there has been little focus on the usability of buildings for cleaning personnel.

This article may be the first historical overview of Norwegian cleaning‐related research.

The study aims to test the color fastness of wool and linen fabrics dyed by simple immersion in ethanol dissolutions of fungal dyes.

Ethanol dissolutions of Talaromyces australis and Penicillium murcianum dyes were prepared to a concentration of 0.3% and used to dye wool and linen samples by immersion. Color fastness to washing, dry cleaning, wet and dry rubbing, perspiration and light, were tested according to AATCC standards.

Color fastness reached acceptable results at dry cleaning and wet and dry rubbing by crocking but did not performed well at laundering, perspiration and light exposure. Results indicate that ethanol dissolutions of tested dyes had better affinity for wool fabrics than linen, but the dyeing method requires further improvements to be considered attractive for full scale applications.

In this work sustainability of fabrics dyeing is improved by using natural pigments produced by filamentous fungi and a method to dye that requires no increment of temperature and mordants.

The threat posed to the environment by CFC cleaning processes for printed circuit boards has led to an investigation of possible alternatives. In a preselection procedure, surprising results were obtained using propylene glycol ethers (PGE), solvents for the paint industry. In this study these ethers are compared with five other groups of cleaners, which can be divided into four water‐based classes: weak acid, neutral, weak and strong alkaline, and water miscible organic solvent cleaners which are non halogen‐containing and biodegradable. The cleaning power of PGE and other cleaners is tested on fluxes for wave and reflow soldering. Comparative results for the different groups are given, combined with surface insulation resistance measurements. Good results can be obtained using alkaline or solvent cleaners. However, it appears that the cleaning results depend heavily on the type of flux used and the choice of a matching cleaning process.

CFCs and HCFCs have been used extensively in bulk cleaning of computer boards and are included in well established branch of chemistry. Due to the removal of one such CFC (CFC‐113) and the recent discontinuation of HCFC‐141b by the year 1996, there has been a push for the generation of new replacement solvents for these products. One of the new additions includes one product with an isomeric blend of two ingredients in the base formula. This isomeric mixture consists of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,1,2,2,3‐pentafluoropropane and 3,3‐dichloro‐1,1,1,2,2‐pentafluoropropane. Both isomers are under the trade name AK‐225. Recently, Tech Spray, Inc., were chosen as an authorised distributor for AK‐225. Current research has proven that AK‐225 can be used as an adequate replacement for the above solvents. Originally designed as a drop‐in replacement for CFC‐113, AK‐225 has also been proven effective as a replacement for HCFC‐141b in many tests performed. Alcohol blends with these solvents have been previously proven to have the ability to increase cleaning efficiency of the base solvent. One disadvantage of this is that, when large amounts of alcohols are added, the product becomes flammable. Tech Spray, Inc., have been able to prove that a wide range of azeotropes can be formed with even larger amounts of alcohols than were used previously in current CFC and HCFC blends and still remain non‐flammable. With existing properties, the AK‐225 azeotropes demonstrate broad defluxing abilities, and are also able to replace a wide range of solvents. AK‐225 can be used as a drop‐in replacement in current systems practising vapour degreasing, bulk in‐line use, and ultrasonic cleaning. As can be concluded from the test data, where used as a replacement for such solvents as mentioned above, AK‐225 and its blends can prove effective for drop‐in replacement. A major concern in the electronics industry today, due to the phase‐out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)‐113, and the recent discussion of the phase‐out of 1,1‐dichloro‐1‐fluoroethane (HCFC‐141b), is to find a new replacement exhibiting similar properties. The product must not only match but should also excel in solvent properties to reach the demands placed upon it by the electronics cleaning and manufacturing industry.

The worldwide production and the consumption of CFCs are now controlled through the Montreal Protocol. A meeting in London in June 1990 of the signatories of the Protocol will almost certainly tighten the controls on CFCs and introduce regulations to control other common chlorinated solvents. This paper gives the reasons why worldwide control of emissions of chlorinated substances is necessary, the events that led up to the present controls and the prognosis for future regulations. The properties and uses of the six key chlorinated solvents are discussed. Each industrial solvent‐using sector has a range of options available to implement cutbacks and eventual elimination of chlorinated solvents.

Changes in regulations aiming at reducing the impact that technologies such as coatings, adhesives, cleaners have on the environment is leading to large advances in these end‐use technologies. In achieving the required quality of the end product, and irrespective of whether this is in areas such as high solids paints or water‐based coatings, solvents keep on playing an important role. At the same time different requirements are set for the solvents employed. The changing role of solvents and the technological benefits solvents are bringing are discussed. It is shown that the computer programme BLENDPRO is an effective reformulation tool which assists in the efficient development of new formulations in these areas.

This study aims to the three major problems of low cleaning efficiency, high labor intensity and difficult to evaluate the cleaning effect for manual insulators cleaning in ultra high voltage (UHV) converter station, the purpose of this paper is to propose a basic configuration of UHV vertical insulator cleaning robot with multi-freedom-degree mechanical arm system on mobile airborne platform and its innovation cleaning operation motion planning.

The main factors affecting the insulators cleaning effect in the operation process have been analyzed. Because of the complex coupling relationship between the influencing factors and the insulators cleaning effect, it is difficult to establish its analytical mathematical model. Combining the non-linear mapping and approximation characteristics of back propagation (BP) neural network, the insulator cleaning effect evaluation can be abstracted as a non-linear approximation process from actual cleaning effect to ideal cleaning effect. An evaluation method of robot insulator cleaning effect based on BP neural network has been proposed.

Through the BP neural network training, the robot cleaning control parameters can be obtained and used in the robot online operation control, so that the better cleaning effect can be also obtained. Finally, a physical prototype of UHV vertical insulator cleaning robot has been developed, and the effectiveness and engineering practicability of the proposed robot configuration, cleaning effect evaluation method are all verified by simulation experiments and field operation experiments. At the same time, this method has the remarkable characteristics of sound versatility, strong adaptability, easy expansion and popularization.

An UHV vertical insulator cleaning robot operation system platform with multi-arm system on airborne platform has been proposed. Through the coordinated movement of the manipulator each joint, the manipulator can be positioned to the insulator strings, and the insulator can be cleaned by two pairs high-pressure nozzles located at the double manipulator. The influence factors of robot insulator cleaning effect have been analyzed. The BP neural network model of insulator cleaning effect evaluation has been established. The evaluation method of robot insulator cleaning effect based on BP neural network has also been proposed, and the corresponding evaluation result can be obtained through the network training. Through the system integration design, the robot physical prototype has been developed. For the evaluation of other operation effects of power system, the validity and engineering practicability of the robot mechanism, motion planning and the method for evaluating the effect of robot insulator cleaning have been verified by simulation and field operation experiments.