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Presents information on the Drug abuse resistance education (DARE) program, a set of 17 lessons on drug resistance given by police officers to sixth grade children. Measures attitudes toward drug use and degree of reported use. Indicates that DARE is successful in providing information but that the levels of reported behavior do not show significant improvement in self‐reported drug use compared to two control groups. Urges caution in expanding the program, since positive results are limited at present.

The purpose of this paper is to report on recent developments concerning promotion of initiatives to contain the spread of resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

Narrative review.

In 2014, an American executive order made combating antimicrobial resistance a national priority. While this and other developments convey a message of growing urgency, the core elements required and challenges ahead are neither new nor unexplored. The quantity and quality of antimicrobial stewardship research over the past decade has added little to what already was known. Suppressing evolution of emerging drug resistance and containing emergence of resistant strains as on-going activities to maintain a balance might be a more realistic statement of the problem than framing it as winning a war. It remains to be seen how well those in the front lines of healthcare epidemiology and infection control shape framing of this problem before American federal and state agencies respond to their presidential directive by relaying marching orders through laws, rules, regulations, financial incentives and penalties. It remains to be seen whether the next decade will be more successful than the last given a more recent emphasis on the strategy of bundling small sets of practical key measures into effect, and the involvement of public health departments in support of antimicrobial stewardship. Unlike a generation ago, it also is clear that international trade and travel make this a global problem. America cannot be expected to resolve emerging drug resistance alone even if containment efforts within its own borders are successful, but like other developed countries it can be expected to have vested self-interests in promoting global solutions to this complex problem.

This report brings together recent American government policy decisions and insights from two noteworthy interdisciplinary conferences.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of these unethical promotional activities on patient’s quality of life.

In-depth interviews were conducted, and then quantitative method was also used on a large number of health care professionals.

Findings of the study demonstrated that unethical activities influence biased prescriptions and then it helps to misuse of medicines. The drug resistance is also affected by misuse of medicines. Misuse of medicine further affects on financial burden on patient. Drug resistance has impact on health compromise. Furthermore, finding of the study describes that drug resistance, health compromise and financial lead to the imbalance of patient’s quality of life. Overall, findings revealed that pharmaceutical unethical promotional activity to achieve sales target is also a major cause of elements that disturbs patient’s quality of life.

This is a research paper and not published before.

Increased outsourcing and importation of drugs from different parts of the world to the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region result in the proliferation of substandard and fake medicines, posing a threat to public health. The presence of substandard and fake medications in LAC regions is a source of public health concern and causes an economic burden to the governments in these regions. Whereas testing and detecting medication quality can easily be achieved in developed countries, the situation is different in developing countries such as LAC. This paper aims to examine the public health challenges faced by LAC regarding substandard, fake and counterfeit medicines and how the region can tackle these challenges.

Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, HINARI, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, unpublished data, conference abstracts and papers from World Health Organization, Pan-American Health Organization and electronic newspapers were searched concerning medicine quality and in LAC.

Drug treatment improves the quality of life while decreasing morbidity and mortality among diseased populations. Absence of or inadequate testing laboratories, old and ineffective legislature, lack of enforcement or willpower and lack of effective surveillance are challenges in LAC for the proliferation of substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs).

The most significant limitation of this study was the need for the reviewers to have used articles written in other languages besides English. The LAC region has a large population in non-English-speaking countries, and many articles are written using local languages. Hence, excluding those articles is a limitation worthy of note in this review. The articles accessed needed to provide adequate information on SFM markets and illegal pharmacies or hospitals but did not. Future reviews may focus on providing illegal substandard and falsified medicines markets in the region and how they can be minimized or eliminated.

This review highlights the challenges faced by LAC countries regarding substandard, fake and counterfeit medicines. The sources, prevalence and consequences of substandard and falsified drugs were identified to suggest the measures needed to curb the infiltration of low-quality medicines in LAC.

This is indeed the age of revolution, when timeless attitudes are changing and new ways of living being born. To most it is a bewildering complex, with uneasy forbodirtgs of the outcome. Improvement and change, there must always be—although change is not necessarily progress—but with unrest in the schools, universities and industry, one naturally questions if this is the right time for such sweeping reorganization as now seems certain to take place in local government and in the structure of the national health service. These services have so far escaped the destructive influences working havoc in other spheres. Area health boards to administer all branches of the national health service, including those which the National Health Service Act, 1946 allowed local health authorities to retain, were recommended by the Porritt Committee a number of years ago, when it reviewed the working of the service.

For this themed issue, the purpose of this paper is to select papers that examine progress on addressing concerns raised in one of the Journal’s 2015 viewpoint articles.

The authors contributing to this issue describe the evolution, current state and challenges facing development of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives in their communities. This editorial summarizes concerns raised in the 2015 viewpoint and provides a link to newer information for each of these problems.

Progress is being made to build the political will for implementing initiatives that of necessity must span a wide swath of jurisdictions and national agencies in each country; the information resources necessary to maintain current awareness of evolving drug usage and resistance patterns; the infrastructure required to educate both public and professionals; and at least monitor if not ensure compliance.

The concepts and experiences reported in this issue can inform policy and governance development in countries that are not as far along the path, as well as contribute to a global dialogue on what works best for whom under what circumstances.

Details in this themed issue expand on overviews provided in a recent World Health Organization report. This Journal intends to contribute to the advancement of timely knowledge translation by welcoming more papers on this topic, papers at a level of detail like those in this issue, so that our readers can remain abreast of the changing global context.

This new measure of consumer law of some forty‐odd sections, a short Act by present standards but as far‐reaching as any legislation since the war, establishes a code of conduct in commerce and trade which few will be able to ignore, from the manufacturer down to the counter‐hand. Operative from November 30th of this year, traders will require to urgently consider their sales practices, advertising, labelling and their trade descriptions; sales staff will need to be instructed in their new responsibilities. The new law is not just for consumer‐retailer transactions, but extends to trade between different branches of all trades, so that a retailer will be protected against misleading descriptions and misrepresentations by a manufacturer and the latter against misdescriptions of ingredients or components.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global health crisis that is attracting focussed attention from healthcare, public health, governmental agencies, the public, and food producers. The purpose of this paper is to describe the work in Washington State to combat resistance and promote antimicrobial stewardship from a one health perspective.

In 2014, the Washington State Department of Health convened a One Health Steering Committee and two workgroups to focus on AR, the One Health Antimicrobial Stewardship work group and the One Health Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance work group. The group organized educational sessions to establish a basic understanding of epidemiological factors that contribute to resistance, including antibiotic use, transmission of resistant bacteria, and environmental contamination with resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues.

The authors describe the varied uses of antibiotics; efforts to promote stewardship in human, and animal health, including examples from the USA and Europe; economic factors that promote use of antibiotics in animal agriculture; and efforts, products and next steps of the workgroups.

In Washington, human, animal and environmental health experts are working collaboratively to address resistance from a one health perspective. The authors are establishing a multi-species resistance database that will allow tracking resistance trends in the region. Gaps include measurement of antibiotic use in humans and animals; integrated resistance surveillance information; and funding for AR and animal health research.