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This study aims to further develop the CLC stage/path’s identification model that distinguishes between path’s emergence (emergence stage), path’s development (growth stage), path’s sustainment (maturity stage), path’s decline (decline stage) and path’s transformation (renewal stage), and by applying it, define the current stage/path of the Demarcated Douro Region (DDR) cluster. The Port wine industry, which is the dominant industry of the DDR cluster, is at the maturity/decline stage – is the same for the cluster itself?

It is a case study with a longitudinal perspective based on the analysis of the dynamics of the parameters of cluster evolution using available secondary sources (cluster identity/brand; number of firms; number of employees; network; innovation; policies and regulations; and external markets – exports), especially addressing the past decade, that represent the stage of maturity/decline of the cluster’s dominant Port wine industry.

The conclusion is that since the 1990s the Demarcated Douro Region has gone through a “path transformation” where during the following 20 years new “anchors” for the cluster were gradually introduced, such as Doc Douro Wines, new forms of consumption of Port wine, tourism and olive oil. Since 2010 the cluster has entered a growth stage/(new) path’s development, where these “anchors” are in steady growth. The Douro brand is becoming more internationally recognized and established, the number of firms and employees is increasing, the network is restructuring with the creation of cluster-specific official institutions, innovation is especially reflected with increasing heterogeneity through diversification of the clusters into new activities and regulations and policies are supportive for expansion – all these parameters are indicating the rise of the new cycle for the cluster. Thus, the DDR cluster represents an attractive business environment and requires attention from regional policymakers to support the cluster’s development. Especially institutions have been highlighted as internal factors driving clusters growth, European integration as an external factor and firms’ strategies of diversification and internationalization as an appropriate de-locking mechanism for new path’s development.

This research contributes to the CLC theory by further developing and applying a CLC stage/path identification model. It provides a better understanding of the dynamics of the DDR cluster that diverge from its dominant industry life cycle, which is relevant for regional policies and firms’ strategies. This study has its limitations. It provides an exploratory application of the theoretical framework proposed, and consequently, no general conclusions are possible yet. More empirical studies with different clusters in different stages are necessary to test the framework.

These findings are useful to policymakers when designing their policies for cluster development but also for clusters’ entities and actors when making their strategic decisions as it allows based on the verification of the established parameter of CLC to identify its current stage/path of development.

The paper presents a theoretically grounded model for CLC identification and for the first time to the best of the authors’ knowledge applies it to a cluster case – the DDR cluster. This case applies the proposed model and illustrates its usefulness. The model provides the tools for a better understanding of cluster dynamics.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate through a case study, how a tourist destination plan can contribute to the management of the destination, via the development of sustainable, coherent, integrated and efficient tourism actions.

The methodology incorporates a literature review on tourism planning and a case study, where the models and tools presented are applied to the Douro Valley region.

The Douro Valley Tourism Plan (DVTP) is based on an integrated and global perspective (by taking into consideration all the elements of the tourism system) and has been designed with the close and active involvement of the stakeholders. The goal is to ensure that all future actions will be pursued through a high commitment from the community and institutions of the region.

Aware of the interest that the Portuguese Government has in the region, as well as the financial resources that can be deployed, attracting private investment and promotion can be facilitated. These tasks, essential to the development of the region, are more easily facilitated as the DVTP gives a positive sign to the markets (investors and travel operators) and consequently to potential tourists.

The paper reports on the Douro Valley as the first destination in the World that has been assessed by the World Centre of Excellence for Destinations. The System for Measuring Excellence on Destinations, helping destinations to achieve sustainable development objectives, constitutes a tool for a better implementation of the “Douro Valley Tourism Plan” and so is an excellent example for other destinations.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the competitiveness through brand enhancement of the Douro wine tourism apps in light of their content and functionality in comparison to international wine tourism apps.

The content and functionality features of both the Douro and international wine apps are evaluated to determine any statistically significant differences between items. A frequency analysis and chi-square are calculated at item and variable levels, a Shapiro–Wilks test is used to test normality and an independent t-test is deployed to examine the differences in customer ratings and number of downloads.

There is a significant difference between the Douro and international wine apps on an item level, although there is no significant difference between the groups with regard to their content and functionality features in general.

By focussing only on the Douro region, 13 other demarcated Portuguese wine regions have been excluded.

Wine tourism apps could influence destination branding, as they can inform about the wine region and wine-related activities. A clear layout makes it easier to move through the app, and the use of social media and entertainment enhances user experiences, especially for younger generations.

Practical guidelines are proposed for wine tourism marketers and managers wishing to upgrade their destination brand image and its services to satisfy demanding wine tourists.

The study contributes to the literature about mobile apps in tourism with a content and functionality analysis of wine apps as variables in the technology acceptance model and of their impact on destination branding.

本论文旨在评估Douro葡萄酒旅游app的品牌营销竞争力。本论文通过对比国际葡萄酒旅游app对其内容和功能方面进行分析。

研究通过对Douro和国际葡萄酒旅游app在内容和功能上的比较评估来判定是否其之间有显著差别。本论文在内容和功能多个方面上进行频率分析和chi square分析, 本论文还采用Shapiro-Wilks测试来对其样本的做正态分布检查, 通过独立样本t检验来评估消费者评分和下载数量之间的差异。

研究结果表明Douro和国际葡萄酒旅游app在每个细节方面上都有显著差异, 但是在整体内容和功能方面并没有显著差异。

本论文只局限在研究Douro地区, 葡萄牙其他十三个葡萄酒区域未纳入研究样本。

葡萄酒旅游app能够影响旅游目的地品牌营销, 其app能够为游客提供葡萄酒区域和葡萄酒相关活动的信息。App清晰结构能够使得消费者更容易找到相关内容, 社交媒体和娱乐性能的运用能够提高消费者整体体验, 特别是对年轻消费者。

研究结果对有意提高其目的地品牌形象和服务升级的葡萄酒旅游营销商和管理者来说, 提出了很多管理启示, 满足葡萄酒旅游消费需求。

本论文通过葡萄酒app的内容和功能方面的分析, 其中涉及的变量是技术接受模型（TAM）的经典变量, 以及其变量对目的地品牌营销的作用, 因此研究结果对旅游移动app的文献有着显著贡献。

关键词. 内容、功能, 葡萄酒、旅游目的地、品牌营销、Douro

Diversified trading networks have recently drawn a great deal of attention. In the process, the importance of diversity has perhaps been overemphasized. Using the trade in port wine from Portugal to Britain as an example, this essay attempts to show how a market once dominated by general, diversified traders was taken over by dedicated specialists whose success might almost be measured by the degree to which they rejected diversification to form a dedicated “commodity chain.” The essay suggests that this strategy was better able to handle matters of quality and the specialized knowledge that port wine required. The essay also highlights the question of power in such a chain. Endemic commodity-chain struggles are clearest in the vertical brand war that broke out in the nineteenth century, which, by concentrating power, marked the final stage in the transformation of the trade from network to vertical integration.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the determinants of export performance literature. The authors investigate the effect of firm characteristics on the Douro region wine firms export performance. The authors consider the Douro region, as it has the Portugal highest wine classification, the appellation d’origine contrôlée and undertakes the first position in the Portuguese wine production and export.

The authors apply a pooling cross-sectional data set that includes 427 observations. The authors pooled two cross sections consisting of 214 and 213 firms for the years 2014 and 215, respectively. The firm export intensity and propensity are the dependent variables. Moreover, the firm size, age and productive efficiency are accounted as the firm characteristics. The authors use the ordinary least squares regression and the tobit and probit models for estimations.

First, size is an influential factor to improve the export performance, and the importance of size is higher for younger firms. Second, there is a positive response from export intensity to age and this response is higher for smaller firms. However, there is a negative response from the export propensity to age and this negative response is higher for bigger firms. Third, there is weak evidence to support a relationship between efficiency and export performance.

This research and the presented results are undoubtedly under some limitations. The main limitation is about the data availability for all characteristics of a firm. For example, it will enrich the result if the authors add some other important variables such as production cost, research and development expenditure and the quality of produced wine by each firm to our analysis.

This research reveals that the influence of firm characteristics on the export performance of Portuguese wine firms is missing in the literature. The results provide a basis to Portuguese wineries to improve their export performance by applying the relevant strategies.

The purpose of this paper is to offer an insight into the fundamental changes taking place in Port wine production value chains. Specifically, the authors examine two distinct production regimes: when Port is aged and sold in the Greater Oporto and, alternatively, when it is produced, aged and sold in Douro.

The authors apply a tri-regional input–output model (Douro, Greater Oporto and rest of the country) for Portugal’s economy. This framework comprises a significant level of detail, with 431 products and 136 industries, the corresponding supply and demand for the products, by industry (for intermediate consumption) and final demand.

This study shows that the two regimes generate noteworthy, but quite heterogeneous, regional impacts. In both cases, the distribution of value added generates international and interregional trade flows. Moreover, the study reveals a greater capacity to capture national value added by getting the supply chain more intensive in localised services and by using state-of-the-art production techniques.

Using detailed regional data, the authors use disaggregated information, both for industries as well for territories, overcoming a common limitation in similar works that are grounded in international databases. Additionally, the approach integrates the trade interactions among industries and regions, which proves essential to uncovering spillovers resulting from the (direct and indirect) use of inputs from other regions and other countries.

The aim of this paper is to understand the importance of consumer loyalty in the specific context of Hotel Family Business. This study proposes a conceptual model to examine how perceived service quality and corporate social responsibility (SCR) influence guest satisfaction and loyalty, and also how they relate to corporate image, perceived value and price.

Through the structural equation model (SEM), a research model was proposed to examine SQ and CSR affect satisfaction and loyalty to the Douro Family Hotel and also, how they interact with corporate image, perceived value and price. The main purpose is to analyse the drivers of guest loyalty and its importance for the development and sustainability of family hotels in Douro (Portugal).

The results of the study indicate that CSR and SQ perceived by the guest have a direct and positive effect on guest satisfaction and loyalty to Douro family hotels. These variables are also determinants of the perceived value, corporate image and price.

The sample is restricted and obtained by the convenience technique, but with sufficient size for the application of the structural equations model. However, the results obtained cannot be generalised to all hotels or contexts, as they only reflect information on family hotels in the Douro.

Family businesses are a substantial share of the European economy, from the industrial sector to the services industry, including also hospitality. In Portugal, family businesses likewise play a key role, both in terms of wealth creation and job creation.

These findings provide knowledge to family hotels on how they should implement a CSR policy that promotes service quality, corporate image and guest satisfaction, and therefore their loyalty and the competitiveness of the family hotel business.

The paper aims to develop an understanding of the port wine sector from a relational, holistic, and dynamic perspective.

The research adopted a qualitative methodological approach. Primary data were collected through semi‐structured interviews. The analysis focused on the relationships established among both economic and non‐economic actors.

The paper offers an overview of the port wine sector on the basis of the conceptual background of the IMP (Industrial Marketing and Purchasing) Group. The study suggests that the dynamics of the sector is not solely determined by economic and technological variables, but also by interests assuming both an economic, social and political nature.

Further research should develop and test the findings by using other cases and methodological approaches.

Managers must be aware that firms are embedded not only in economic systems but also in political and social networks whose dynamics cannot be neglected.

While most studies on the dynamics of economic systems have focused on the role played by technological factors, relatively few have addressed the importance of collective actions. In this line, the paper contributes for a better understanding of the role of collective actors created to defend the interests of their members. Moreover, since the port wine sector is not an idiosyncratic case because most of its features are also present in other wine regions, the conclusions of the paper are likely to be used for the understanding of other wine regions.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyse the technical efficiency (TE) component of productivity for a sample of winegrowers from the Douro Demarcated Region in Portugal.

The data were collected through face-to-face surveys and includes a sample of 110 farmers’ vineyards with specific input-output information and other data about production systems during the year of 2017. The authors use a two-stage data envelopment analysis using bootstrap techniques to obtain TE scores in the farmers’ vineyards and to examine the determinants of its efficiency.

The results show that some farmers’ vineyards have a low efficiency level and that there are essential determinants of the production system, which can influence its efficiency. This suggests considerable opportunities for improvement of wine grape productivity through better use of available resources considering the state of technology.

This work has overcome the lack of data in the farmers’ vineyards, the lack of efficiency studies in the region and also allowed to evaluate the production systems and to assess their impact on efficiency.