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Purpose – A counting approach based on the number of deprivations suffered by the poor is quite an appropriate framework to measure multidimensional poverty with ordinal or categorical data. A method to identify the poor and a number of poverty indices have been proposed to take this framework into account. The implementation of this methodology involves the choice of a minimum number of deprivations required in order for an individual to be identified as poor. This cutoff and the choice of a poverty measure to aggregate the data are two sources of arbitrariness in poverty comparisons. The aim of this chapter is twofold. We first explore properties that characterize an identification method which allows different weights for different dimensions. Then the chapter examines dominance conditions in order to guarantee unanimous poverty rankings in a counting framework.

Design/methodology/approach – In the unidimensional poverty field, one branch of the literature is devoted to establishing dominance criteria that guarantee unanimous orderings at a variety of poverty thresholds and indices. This chapter takes this literature as a starting point, and investigates circumstances in which these ordering conditions may be applied in a weighted counting framework.

Findings – Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained that guarantee that two vectors, which represent the weighted sum of the deprivations felt by each person, may be unanimously ranked regardless of the identification cutoff and of the poverty measure.

Originality/value – Since most of the data available for measuring capabilities or dimensions of poverty is either ordinal or categorical, the counting approach provides an alternative framework that suits these types of variables. The implementation of the ordering conditions derived in this chapter is based on simple graphical devices that we call dimension deprivation curves. These curves become a useful way to check the robustness of poverty rankings to changes in the identification cutoff. They also provide a tool for determining nonambiguous poverty rankings in a wide set of multidimensional poverty indices that suit ordinal and categorical data.

This chapter explores a descriptive theory of multidimensional travel behaviour, estimation of quantitative models, and demonstration in an agent-based microsimulation.

A descriptive theory on multidimensional travel behaviour is conceptualised. It theorizes multidimensional knowledge updating, search start/stopping criteria, and search/decision heuristics. These components are formulated or empirically modelled and integrated in a unified and coherent approach.

The theory is supported by empirical observations and the derived quantitative models are tested by an agent-based simulation on a demonstration network.

Based on artificially intelligent agents, learning and search theory, and bounded rationality, this chapter makes an effort to embed a sound theoretical foundation for the computational process approach and agent-based microsimulations. A pertinent new theory is proposed with experimental observations and estimations to demonstrate agents with systematic deviations from the rationality paradigm. Procedural and multidimensional decision-making are modelled. The numerical experiment highlights the capabilities of the proposed theory in estimating rich behavioural dynamics.

COVID-19 is having a significant impact on the world. Not only attacking the health sector, but the effect of this pandemic is also rooting in all industries. Several states are struggling with an economic recession within several months. Indonesia is one of the countries which experiences the economic downturn shown by the increase in the number of poverties, unemployment, and laid-off workers. While struggling with these issues, both government and Indonesian society should work together to prevent the economic recession. This research aims to capture the impact of social awareness by the community to slow down the pandemic’s effect. Social awareness as a snapshot of the neighborhood reinforcement method (NRM) is used to measure the program’s impact. This research is conducted in a subsidized housing community in Malang. Using structural equation model, this study attempts to measure five different aspects, including (i) economic aspects, (ii) human aspects, (iii) sociocultural aspects, (iv) political aspects, and (v) protection aspects. The result shows a different impact on each element, both positively or negatively.

Using data on food insecurity in Israel, this chapter suggests borrowing techniques from the literature on multidimensional poverty to measure food insecurity, a distinction being made between “nominal” and “real” food insecurity. Various counting techniques are then implemented, including the well-known approach of Alkire and Foster. The chapter ends with a section where, following recent work by Dhongde, Li, Pattanaik, and Xu (2016), a distinction is also made between “basic” and “non-basic” dimensions of food insecurity.

Wine tourism literature still falls behind other streams of research in its ability to assess phenomena associated with the implementation of digital practices to address strategic challenges. Moreover, studies on social media in tourism and hospitality prioritize the relationship between tourists’ behavioural aspects and technology. Relationships, experiences and timely responses on the digital environment are particularly important, taken the ‘new normal’ which COVID-19 necessitates. Within this framework, the present case study explores the role of social media (Facebook in specific) in the effort of Cretan wineries to respond to new encounters, as well as the importance, if any, of collaborative practices for developing online strategies of individual businesses. Findings help us identify (a) the role of the winescape studies in exploring the digital environment and (b) the main communication priorities of wineries as expressed through social media during the pandemic crisis.

To determine the new responsibility and new form of CSR required in an evolving ecosystem, this chapter covers the historical evolution of CSR including the various additional labels CSR has attracted, and its many surrogate, complementary, and alternative terms and themes. Some parties still view CSR as just a form of Philanthropy; however, current definitions for CSR involve many components, which have adapted over time. The new CSR definition provided by the European Commission in 2011, for example, mirrors some of the changes created by the inclusion of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in 2015. The creation of shared and integrated value and the ongoing development of the social enterprise industry are further developments, alongside the growing trend toward B-Corp registration, the increasing emphasis on ‘business-for-purpose’ and the rise of the ‘be the change’ movement. This chapter discusses this journey and reveals how CSR has followed a cycle of social movements through several industrial revolutions. As we head toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and usher in the new era for Globalization 4.0, this requires new business models, new labels, and new adaptations of CSR. These concepts are introduced in this chapter and developed further in later chapters.