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The purpose of this study is to deal with the performance consequences of business units that adopt varying knowledge roles within the internal multi-business network. Multi-business firms are distributed knowledge systems in which business units are extensively involved in internal knowledge transfer processes. Business units play different roles within their respective corporate knowledge networks as knowledge providers, knowledge receivers, both or neither.

Survey data from a sample of 225 business divisions were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Results indicate that divisions which occupy knowledge roles that reveal the possession of unique knowledge (knowledge signaling) or guarantee the accumulation of new knowledge (knowledge learning) outperform those divisions that have access to spilled knowledge (knowledge depreciation) or have no access to any kind of knowledge (knowledge insulation).

Four knowledge roles are distinguished according to the extent to which a business division provides the rest of the corporation with knowledge or receives knowledge from the rest of the corporation, thus exploring the issue of internal knowledge transfer from an integrated perspective that takes the directionality of knowledge flows and the position within the knowledge network into account.

This study contributes to existent research on knowledge transfer and performance outcomes by demonstrating the usefulness of the knowledge role as an integrating concept within this literature. It also extends the four-role framework to the prescriptive domain and tests its normative implications in an intensive internal knowledge transfer setting which has to date gone relatively unnoticed, as is that of multi-business firms.

A mail survey was conducted to identify personal characteristics, shopping patterns, and attitudes of potential innovators and non‐adopters of an interactive electronic shopping innovation. Differences among all potential adopter groups were also examined. A national sample of 2,500 US cable television subscribers were surveyed. Results suggested that strongest predictors of potential innovator and non‐adopter group memberships were perceived characteristics of the interactive shopping innovation including relative advantage over other shopping formats and compatibility with lifestyles. Also important were consumers’ prior shopping experiences with other nonstore retailers. Among potential adopters (i.e., innovators, early adopters, and followers), similar characteristics were exhibited, differing only by intensity. Managerial implications are discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differential impact each of the dominant theoretical explanations has on innovation persistence. The authors hereby differentiate the degree of novelty, distinguishing between innovation based on invention (new products for the international market) and those based on imitation or adoption processes (new products for the company or new products in the national market).

Placing this study in the context of a developing country, the authors apply an ordered probit model inflated in zeros (ZIOP). This methodology enables one to not only provide results not biased by the excess of zeros but also take into account the unobserved heterogeneity with respect to the sources of zeros (that is those firms which do not innovate). The empirical analysis is based on three Colombian innovation surveys carried out between 2003 and 2008 by the Colombian National Statistics Department.

The results provide empirical evidence that two elements are essential for both types of innovation persistence: accessing external financial resources and learning through interaction. Furthermore, the sunk R&D cost approach and technological learning explain persistence in innovation of new products for the international market.

The limitations of this study are directly related to the methodological choice. The authors were unable to take into consideration two sources of heterogeneity: the one related to initial conditions and the one related to the source of the many non-innovators. They opted to focus on the latter due the research question and setting of this study. Additionally, macroeconomic instability did not allow to consider a long panel; instead the authors had to rely on a short panel.

The results provide important insights to managers. Continuous investments in innovation activities are important bot to become an innovative firm as well as to improve the odds of persistently innovating. Particularly, R&D investments are a pre-requisite for new-to-the-world innovations. Finally, it is not one specific set of capabilities which is a prerequisite for the generation of innovation; rather it is a strategic combination of various skills that increase the probability to (persistently) innovate.

With innovation persistence being especially relevant for long-run dynamics behind economic growth, the results of this study provide insights into potential public policies. Governments are in a position to at least lower barriers, which might enable more firms to persistently innovate. Continuous access – less than the actual amount – to financial resources aimed at innovation activities and learning through interaction with external agents is fundamental for both kinds of innovation persistence. Both are market characteristics where governments can – at least indirectly – intervene.

Despite the existence of various theoretical approaches, the bulk of empirical research focuses on the verification of true state innovation persistence. Thus, while innovation persistency has been widely confirmed to exist to a certain degree, knowledge regarding which theoretical approach is likely to drive a firm to persistently innovation is still scarce. Additionally, this study is placed in the context of a developing country, which by most empirical research has been overlooked but is characterized by one element which is decisive for the empirical methodology: many firms do not innovate, let alone persistently innovate.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto diferencial que cada una de las explicaciones teóricas dominantes tiene sobre la persistencia de la innovación. Para esto, diferenciamos el grado de novedad, distinguiendo entre la innovación basada en la invención (nuevos productos para el mercado internacional) y aquellas basadas en procesos de imitación o adopción (nuevos productos para el mercado nacional).

Este estudio se lleva a cabo en el contexto de un país en desarrollo, en el cual la mayoría de empresas no innovan. Consecuentemente, aplicamos un modelo probit ordenado inflado en ceros (ZIOP). Esta metodología no sólo proporciona resultados no sesgados por el exceso de ceros, sino que también tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad no observada con respecto a las fuentes de ceros (es decir, aquellas empresas que no innovan). El análisis empírico se basa en tres Encuestas de Innovación en Colombia realizadas entre 2003 y 2008 por el Departamento Nacional de Estadísticas de Colombia.

Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia empírica de que tanto el enfoque de éxito genera éxito con el de capacidades son importantes. Sin embargo, se encontró que todas las variables que se desprenden de estos enfoques teóricos no están relacionadas en forma significativa con los dos tipos de persistencia estudiados. Además, el enfoque de costos hundidos de I + D se relaciona en forma robusta con la persistencia en la innovación de nuevos productos para el mercado internacional.

Las limitaciones de este estudio están directamente relacionadas con la elección metodológica. No pudimos tomar en consideración simultáneamente dos fuentes de heterogeneidad: la relacionada con las condiciones iniciales y la relacionada con el exceso de empresas no innovadoras. Optamos por centrarnos en lo último debido a la pregunta de investigación y el contexto país en el que se desarrolla esta investigación. Adicionalmente, la inestabilidad macroeconómica no permitió considerar un panel largo; por el contrario, se usó un panel corto que cubre un periodo de tiempo de estabilidad económica.

Nuestros resultados proporcionan información importante para los gerentes. Las inversiones continuas en actividades de innovación son importantes tanto para aumentar la probabilidad de convertirse en una empresa innovadora como para mejorar las posibilidades de innovación persistente. En particular, las inversiones en I + D son un requisito para lograr innovaciones nuevas en el mundo. Finalmente, no se identificaron un conjunto único de capacidades necesarias para la generación de cualquier tipo de innovación; más bien se debe adoptar un enfoque estratégico diferenciado.

Dado que la persistencia de la innovación es especialmente relevante para las dinámicas de crecimiento económico de largo plazo, los resultados de nuestro estudio proporcionan información útil para el diseño de políticas públicas. Los gobiernos están en posición de al menos reducir las barreras que impiden que las empresas innoven persistentemente. El acceso continuo a los recursos financieros destinados a actividades de innovación y el aprendizaje a través de la interacción con agentes externos son fundamentales para ambos tipos de persistencia de innovación. Ambas son condiciones del mercado que pueden ser intervenidas, al menos indirectamente, por el gobierno.

A pesar de la existencia de tres enfoques principales sobre la persistencia en la innovación, la mayor parte de las investigaciones se han centrado en la verificación de la existencia de verdadera persistencia en innovación. Por lo tanto, aunque se ha confirmado ampliamente que la persistencia de la innovación existe hasta cierto punto, el conocimiento sobre qué enfoque teórico es probable que impulse a una empresa a innovar de manera persistente es aún escaso. Además, este estudio se ubica en el contexto de un país en desarrollo, contexto que ha sido pasado por alto en la mayoría de las investigaciones empíricas, aspecto que decisivo para la selección de la metodología empírica: muchas empresas no innovan, y mucho menos innovan persistentemente.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto diferencial que têm sobre a persistência da inovação cada uma das explicações teóricas dominantes. Para isso diferenciamos o grau de novidade, distinguindo entre inovação baseada em invenção (novos produtos para o mercado internacional) e aqueles baseados em processos de imitação ou adoção (novos produtos para o mercado nacional).

Esta pesquisa ocorre no contexto de um país em desenvolvimento, no qual a maioria das empresas não inovam. Assim sendo, temos aplicado o modelo Probit ordenado inflado-zero (ZIOP). Essa metodologia permite não só que os resultados da pesquisa não sejam influenciados por excesso de zeros, mas também a inclusão da heterogeneidade não observada em relação às fontes de zeros (isto é, aquelas empresas que não inovam). A análise empírica baseia-se em três pesquisas sobre Inovação na Colômbia realizadas entre 2003 e 2008 pelo Departamento Nacional de Estatísticas da Colômbia.

Nossos resultados fornecem evidências empíricas que indicam que tanto a abordagem de sucesso gera sucesso quanto a abordagem de capacidade é importante. No entanto, não se encontrou que todas as variáveis que emergiram dessas abordagens teóricas foram significativamente relacionadas aos dois tipos de persistência pesquisados. Além disso, a abordagem dos custos irrecuperáveis de P and D está relacionada de forma robusta à persistência na inovação de novos produtos para o mercado internacional.

As limitações desta pesquisa estão diretamente relacionadas à escolha metodológica. Não temos podido considerar duas fontes de heterogeneidade: a relacionada às condições iniciais e a relacionada ao excesso de empresas não inovadoras. Optou-se por centrar-se nesse último devido à questão de pesquisa e ao contexto do país em que foi realizada. Além disso, a instabilidade macroeconômica não permitiu um painel longo; pelo contrário, foi utilizado um painel curto que cobre um período de estabilidade econômica.

Nossos resultados provêem informação importante para os gerentes. Investimentos contínuos em atividades de inovação são importantes tanto para aumentar a probabilidade de se tornar numa empresa inovadora quanto para melhorar as possibilidades de inovação persistente. Em particular, os investimentos em P and D são um requisito para alcançar inovações no mundo. Finalmente, um conjunto único de capacidades necessárias para a geração de qualquer tipo de inovação não foi identificado; ao contrário, uma abordagem estratégica diferenciada deve ser adotada.

Dado que a persistência da inovação é especialmente relevante para as dinâmicas de longo prazo por trás do crescimento econômico, os resultados obtidos provêem informação útil para o desenho de políticas públicas. Os governos estão em posição de, pelo menos, reduzir as barreiras que impedem as empresas de inovar persistentemente. O acesso contínuo a recursos financeiros para atividades de inovação e a aprendizagem por meio da interação com agentes externos são fundamentais para os dois tipos de persistência de inovação. Ambas são condições do mercado que podem ser intervencionadas, pelo menos indiretamente, pelo governo.

Embora da existência de três abordagens principais sobre persistência na inovação, a maior parte das pesquisas concentraram-se em verificar a existência de verdadeira persistência na inovação. Portanto, ainda quando tem sido amplamente confirmado que a persistência da inovação existe até certo ponto, o conhecimento sobre qual abordagem teórico provavelmente alavanca uma empresa a inovar persistentemente ainda é escasso. Além disso, esta pesquisa está localizada num contexto de um país em desenvolvimento, que tem sido negligenciado na maioria das pesquisas empíricas, aspecto decisivo para a seleção da metodologia empírica: muitas empresas não inovam e muito menos inovam persistentemente.

This paper aims to bring together and evaluate the reasons that have historically been advanced to justify the heavy emphasis on innovative consumers within the general context of the adoption of products and services, and to assess the strategic benefits to be gained from targeting such market segments.

The approach is critical review and analysis of the published literature.

This paper finds that, although the benefits of identifying innovative early adopters are not as strong and clear‐cut as is often claimed, they are still sufficient to warrant further research into methods that will accurately identify them and predict their purchasing behaviour.

Targeting strategies should distinguish carefully between truly innovative consumers and other early adopters. The costs of identifying them in a particular market need to be weighed against the potential benefits.

Although many studies have attempted to address the question of what drives individual adoption behaviour, the rationale for that focus has not been well established and is rarely critiqued. In clarifying the situation, this paper should provide guidance for academic researchers and marketing planners.

The purpose of this paper is to provide psychographic and demographic profiles of people interested in culinary tourism.

The study was conducted in the First Lubbock Wine Festival in Texas, incorporating Values and Lifestyles (VALS‐2). A questionnaire was designed to investigate the classification of culinary tourists' lifestyles and values in terms of three primary motivations such as ideals, achievement, and self‐expression including culinary tourists' activities and demographic characteristics. Factor and reliability analyses were used.

A five‐factor solution resulted in idealist, achiever, explorer, belonger and innovator. Ideals‐motivated groups were identified by idealist and belonger. Self‐expression‐motivated groups were identified by explorer and innovator. Achievement‐motivated group was identified by achiever.

The study offers new insights and conceptualizations relevant to the analysis of culinary tourism markets, focusing on the needs and psychology of culinary tourists.

A better understanding of the needs and wants of culinary tourists may help tourism marketers increase the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns by targeting the appropriate audience and tailoring their messages to its psychological needs.

By providing a basis for predicting attitudes and behaviors of culinary tourists, this study extends the existing body of research by segmenting culinary tourists based on motivations while making travel decisions.

This paper aims at investigating the rather unexplored issue of how green innovators address the knowledge needs emerging when initiating a sustainability path, comparing their knowledge strategies with those of non‐green innovators.

The authors investigate this issue using data from the 2008 Italian Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Focusing on manufacturing firms, they identify the main characteristics and knowledge assets of firms introducing environmental innovations (EIs) as opposed to those of other innovators.

The authors' results suggest that the development of EIs entails a higher recourse to external knowledge, in the form of use of external sources of information, acquiring R&D from external firms and cooperation. Relationships with partners that do not belong to the supply chain – including KIBS, universities, research institutions and competitors – are far more important than for other innovations. On the contrary, differences between the two categories are less marked when it comes to investments in internal knowledge resources. Finally, proactive environmental innovators have very different knowledge strategies than reactive ones, which resemble non‐green innovators.

The main contribution of this paper is that it investigates the unexplored issue of how firms assess and develop the knowledge needed to develop EIs. By comparing them with the strategies of non‐green innovators, the analysis performed in the paper allows understanding the peculiarities of such innovations. Furthermore, the authors contribute to the literature by verifying how knowledge management strategies vary according to the differential importance that sustainability has for the firm's innovative strategy.

This paper seeks to investigate relationships between apparel return behavior and fashion innovativeness, buying impulsiveness, and consideration of return policies of US consumers.

A convenience sample of 246 undergraduates studying in the USA completed a questionnaire that contained measures of apparel returns, fashion innovativeness, buying impulsiveness, and consideration of return policies. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

It was found that apparel return behavior of participants was positively related to buying impulsiveness and to consideration of return policies. These two variables were also significant predictors of frequency of apparel returns. Fashion innovativeness was not significantly related to participants' apparel return behavior. In addition, participants' consideration of return policies was not related to their innovative or impulsive purchase behaviors.

Findings are useful to retailers to better understand characteristics of frequent returners and to make informed decisions about developing optimal return policies that prohibit excessive product returns yet do not inhibit consumers' purchasing.

There is limited research on potential effects of adopting restrictive return policies. The study begins to examine whether leniency in return policy might potentially influence the behavior of innovative or impulsive consumers.

Those banks which are active and experienced product innovators use organisational systems significantly different and better suited to the task of developing new products than those of less active product innovator banks. The findings, based on interviews conducted in nine large commercial banks competing in the market for corporate banking services, show a key difference between the organisation arrangements of the two banking groups; active product innovators ensure that specialised personnel make regular, effective contact with the market while less active product innovators see development tasks as a special activity. Active product innovator banks have also progressed considerably in opening up traditionally tight operating structures in order to initiate product innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how individual innovativeness and social factors shape consumers’ purchase decisions of organic products.

The study is based on an online survey of 988 Canadian participants. Structural equation modelling was used to test the relationships between social identity, social influence, perceived value and purchase intention within a multi-group framework to show the moderating effect of consumer innovativeness.

The results show that the two social dimensions – social identity and social influence – influence purchase intention and the perceived value of organic products partially mediates these relationships. Further, the personal characteristic, “consumer innovativeness”, moderates these relationships.

Although the sample consists of a higher proportion of younger participants, the results are consistent with theoretical arguments and empirical evidence, which underscores the importance of generational differences in organic product purchases.

Managers need to develop a more nuanced understanding of how social influence and social identity play different roles in the purchase intentions of consumer innovators vs later adopters. This knowledge can guide practical segmentation, targeting, positioning and promotion strategies.

This study complements the individual innovativeness predispositions literature by showing that the consideration of social factors leads to a more nuanced understanding of consumers’ purchase intention than either set of factors separately. It also contributes to the literature on adoption of organic products by introducing consumer innovativeness dimension as a key factor.

This chapter focuses on Swedish university students studying entrepreneurship and establishing new firms. It is well known that the establishment of new firms is important for economic growth, innovation and job creation. For quite some time, public debate and policy initiatives, as well as research, have focused on how to improve growth of new firms. More than 30 years of entrepreneurship research reveal, however, that differences in personality traits provide little explanation of why some entrepreneurs are more successful than others. Instead, it is suggested that it is the behaviour of individuals that make them entrepreneurial, and that this behaviour is influenced by experience and learning (Gustafsson, 2004; Politis, 2005). The question is thus whether entrepreneurship education will influence the entrepreneurial behaviour of students.