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Article
Publication date: 11 June 2019

Deterring violent non-state actors: dilemmas and implications

Raghda Elbahy

This paper aims to address the limitations of classical deterrence theory in dealing with violent non-state actors (VNSAs).

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to address the limitations of classical deterrence theory in dealing with violent non-state actors (VNSAs).

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses qualitative methods.

Findings

It suggests that two measures must be applied; the first one is to rephrase the assumptions of the theory towards a broader definition. The second one is to theorize certain approaches for deterring VNSAs which shall remain a key component in, but not the cornerstone of, national security strategies.

Originality/value

In the aftermath of 9/11 attacks and US war on terrorism, the need arose to “revisit” the “Deterrence Theory” to address several changes such as rogue states, cyber threats and VNSAs, especially after the end of the Cold War, when the theory was originally developed. The recent research on VNSAs relates to the fourth wave of deterrence, which highlights its proper role in a new security environment.

Details

Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences, vol. 1 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-003
ISSN: 2632-279X

Keywords

  • Deterrence theory
  • Terrorist groups
  • Deterrence by denial
  • Deterrence by punishment
  • Triadic deterrence
  • National security strategies
  • Deterrence by delegitimization
  • Transitional organized crime
  • Rogue states
  • Weapons of mass destruction
  • Global war on terror

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Article
Publication date: 9 July 2018

Service provider perspectives on a focused deterrence program

Julie Schnobrich-Davis and Desiree Gardner

The purpose of this paper is to gain the perspectives from social service providers that are a key component in focused deterrence programs. All focused deterrence/pulling…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to gain the perspectives from social service providers that are a key component in focused deterrence programs. All focused deterrence/pulling levers programs have at least two essential elements: first, the message to the target population that reoffending will be met with swift and certain punishment, and second that social service providers are available to assist in their transition to a law-abiding lifestyle.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study approach was used to gather qualitative data with open-ended interviews of social service providers that participated in Operation RASOR, a modified focused deterrence initiative that identified cross-jurisdictional, chronic offenders across three cities in New England.

Findings

The results showed that many providers were unable, and sometimes unwilling, to participate in the strategy due to their lack of awareness of what focused deterrence strategies encompass, participant eligibility restrictions, and lack of funding. These findings may impact the success of focused deterrence programs.

Research limitations/implications

Future research should include a larger sample from programs operating in different cities. The importance of the social services component of focused deterrence strategies and their capability of serving clients within those programs needs further examination for the integrity of these programs to adequately serve the participants.

Originality/value

The perceptions from social service providers on the program elements and ability to provide necessary services to the targeted offenders have never been examined. This study aids in expanding the literature on focused deterrence programs. It can also inform law enforcement agencies on the services that are most needed by the target population and the importance of coordinating their initiatives with service providers.

Details

Safer Communities, vol. 17 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-01-2018-0001
ISSN: 1757-8043

Keywords

  • Harm reduction
  • Community-based organizations
  • Focused deterrence
  • Impact players
  • Social service providers
  • Targeted high-risk offenders

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Book part
Publication date: 22 February 2011

Protest arrests and future protest participation: The 2004 republican national convention arrestees and the effects of repression

Jennifer Earl

Protests surrounding the 2004 Republican National Convention (RNC) resulted in over 1,800 arrests. Scholarship on repression is divided about the likely impacts of arrests…

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Abstract

Protests surrounding the 2004 Republican National Convention (RNC) resulted in over 1,800 arrests. Scholarship on repression is divided about the likely impacts of arrests on subsequent activism. Interviews with RNC arrestees are used to examine potential effects. Findings offer twists to social movements and socio-legal hypotheses: (1) while many arrestees were less willing to protest after their arrest, for many of these individuals deterrence was selective, not wholesale; (2) many factors that were expected to neutralize repressive impacts either resulted in deterrence or set the stage for radicalization; and (3) individuals who were radicalized shared strong preparation for their arrest experience.

Details

Special Issue Social Movements/Legal Possibilities
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-4337(2011)0000054009
ISBN: 978-0-85724-826-8

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Book part
Publication date: 1 April 2007

Optimal Fines in the Era of Whistleblowers. Should Price Fixers still Go to Prison?

Paolo Buccirossi and Giancarlo Spagnolo

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Details

The Political Economy of Antitrust
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0573-8555(06)82004-3
ISBN: 978-0-44453-093-6

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Book part
Publication date: 13 May 2017

The Deterrence Effect of Prison: Dynamic Theory and Evidence *

David S. Lee and Justin McCrary

Using administrative, longitudinal data on felony arrests in Florida, we exploit the discontinuous increase in the punitiveness of criminal sanctions at 18 to estimate the…

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Abstract

Using administrative, longitudinal data on felony arrests in Florida, we exploit the discontinuous increase in the punitiveness of criminal sanctions at 18 to estimate the deterrence effect of incarceration. Our analysis suggests a 2% decline in the log-odds of offending at 18, with standard errors ruling out declines of 11% or more. We interpret these magnitudes using a stochastic dynamic extension of Becker’s (1968) model of criminal behavior. Calibrating the model to match key empirical moments, we conclude that deterrence elasticities with respect to sentence lengths are no more negative than − 0 . 13 for young offenders.

Details

Regression Discontinuity Designs
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0731-905320170000038005
ISBN: 978-1-78714-390-6

Keywords

  • Prison
  • deterrence
  • self-control
  • D9
  • K4

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Article
Publication date: 14 October 2019

Balancing and stabilizing South Asia: challenges and opportunities for sustainable peace and stability

Zafar Khan

This paper aims to elaborate in a greater detail about how to manage and eventually help resolve outstanding issues, including the core issue of Kashmir between nuclear…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to elaborate in a greater detail about how to manage and eventually help resolve outstanding issues, including the core issue of Kashmir between nuclear India and Pakistan. In doing so, this paper elaborates various innovative measures that could be applicable to South Asian nuclear environment that in turn could assist the South Asian nuclear leadership in understanding and managing the fragility of South Asian nuclear deterrence.

Design/methodology/approach

Innovatively, this research paper looks at the South Asian nuclear issues at three levels of analysis – understanding the prevailing dynamics of nuclear revolution and improved means of communications and promoting deterrence stability in South Asia. All three levels may be more needed than ever before in the wake of the arrival of nuclear weapons for a broader Southern Asian region.

Findings

This paper finds out that although nuclear weapons have become a reality in South Asia and these deadly weapons have prevented major wars between India and Pakistan, nuclear weapons have not prevented the crises between India and Pakistan. Therefore, both India and Pakistan have confronted a number of crises. The paper finds out that any serious crisis between India and Pakistan could further undermine the credibility of existing confidence-building measures and the same could escalate from military to nuclear level. Absent from immediate measures undertaken by the South Asian security leadership, nuclear weapons may not help prevent the war between India and Pakistan at the sub-conventional level, this paper finds out.

Originality/value

By explaining innovative measures at the three level of analysis, this papers adds to the existing literature in understanding the behavior of South Asian security leadership and how these measures could best bring positive results in preventing a major crisis that potentially bears the risk of escalation to nuclear level.

Details

International Journal of Conflict Management, vol. 30 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-08-2018-0093
ISSN: 1044-4068

Keywords

  • Crisis
  • Conflict
  • Risk
  • Managing South Asian nuclear crisis
  • Nuclear India and Pakistan
  • Nuclear war

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Article
Publication date: 2 August 2013

ESG reporting – class actions, deterrence, and avoidance

Daniel Murphy and Dianne McGrath

The purpose of this paper is to expand our understanding of the motivations for corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to expand our understanding of the motivations for corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides a conceptual exploration of the motivation for corporations to provide ESG reports and proposes deterrence theory and avoidance as a complementary explanatory motivation for such reports.

Findings

Within this paper it is argued that part of the motivation for some corporations to increase ESG disclosures is to avoid, or mitigate, the risk of class actions and the associated financial penalties. This paper proposes that in Australia the deterrence impact, and ancillary avoidance behaviour, of civil litigation class action provides a further motivation for improving both corporate ESG disclosure and sustainability performance.

Originality/value

This paper extends the social and environmental accounting (SEA) reporting literature by proposing deterrence theory and avoidance as a corporate motivation for environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting. Deterrence is proposed as a different, yet complementary, motivation to the oft‐cited variations of stakeholder and legitimacy theory which are dominant in the SEA reporting motivation literature.

Details

Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, vol. 4 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-Apr-2012-0016
ISSN: 2040-8021

Keywords

  • Social and environmental accounting
  • Corporate governance
  • Deterrence theory
  • Corporate social reporting
  • ESG
  • Social accounting

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Article
Publication date: 7 November 2016

Public finance regulatory compliance among public secondary schools

Gorrettie Kyeyune Nakyeyune, Venancio Tauringana, Joseph Mpeera Ntayi and Stephen Korutaro Nkundabanyanga

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between deterrence measures, leadership support and public finance regulatory compliance among public…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between deterrence measures, leadership support and public finance regulatory compliance among public secondary schools in Uganda.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire survey of 257 Ugandan public secondary schools was undertaken. Ordinary least squares regression was used to determine whether, in addition to deterrence measures, leadership support also explains variances in public finance regulatory compliance.

Findings

Results based on a hierarchical regression analysis indicate that deterrence measures explain 17.4 per cent of variances in public finance regulatory compliance. In addition, leadership support explains a further 18.2 per cent of the variances in public finance regulatory compliance.

Research limitations/implications

The results imply that in addition to deterrence measures, secondary schools in Uganda should also emphasise leadership support in order to improve their public finance regulatory compliance.

Originality/value

Contrary to previous studies, the authors explain regulatory compliance using deterrence measures and leadership support in a single study while also focussing on institutions and not individuals as a unit of analysis. The authors also extend the predominantly financial institutions compliance studies to the education sector. Thus probably for the first time, the authors show that leadership support complements deterrence measures in explaining public finance regulatory compliance in the education sector. Even with strong deterrence measures, the lack of leadership support may lead to inadequate public finance regulatory compliance.

Details

International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 43 no. 11
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2014-0254
ISSN: 0306-8293

Keywords

  • Deterrence measures
  • Leadership support
  • Public finance regulatory compliance
  • Public secondary schools
  • Uganda

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Article
Publication date: 10 September 2018

Tactics to deter deviant consumer behavior: a research agenda

Paula Dootson, Kim A. Johnston, Ian Lings and Amanda Beatson

Deviant consumer behavior (DCB) has serious negative effects on organizations, employees and other customers. While research to date has largely focused on understanding…

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Abstract

Purpose

Deviant consumer behavior (DCB) has serious negative effects on organizations, employees and other customers. While research to date has largely focused on understanding why consumers engage in deviant behaviors, less focus has been placed on exploring how to deter them. This paper aims to shift the conversation from research exploring why consumers engage in deviant behaviors to understanding how DCB could be deterred.

Design/methodology/approach

In this conceptual paper, a research agenda of deterrence tactics is provided with associated propositions to guide future research in the field of DCB.

Findings

A deterrence–neutralization–behavior (DNB) framework is proposed to underpin the seven deterrence tactics outlined in this research agenda. The DNB framework illustrates the positive relationship between neutralization techniques and engagement in DCB, because the techniques reduce the level of cognitive dissonance associated with performing a deviant act beyond an individual’s deviance threshold. The framework adds a new proposed moderating role of deterrence tactics. Deterrence tactics are mechanisms that will reintroduce cognitive dissonance, previously reduced through a neutralization technique, by presenting the consumer with a competing piece of information that challenges their attitudes, beliefs or behavior. Therefore, the authors propose that certain deterrence tactics could diminish the positive effect of different neutralization techniques on DCB if the tactics challenge the justifications consumers are using to excuse their actions – subsequently reintroducing cognitive dissonance.

Practical implications

Practically, this paper is the next step in an effort to provide evidence-based solutions for managers seeking to reduce the negative impact that deviance has on the organization.

Originality/value

To date, research has focused on understanding why DCB occurs with limited attention on how it can be deterred. The value in this paper is in proposing a series of deterrence tactics that are theoretically matched to established antecedents and neutralization techniques associated with DCB. Overall, this paper provides a future research agenda with propositions to build knowledge on effective deterrence tactics for curbing instances of DCB.

Details

Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 35 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2015-1575
ISSN: 0736-3761

Keywords

  • Sanctions
  • Marketing
  • Deterrence strategies
  • Deviant consumer behavior
  • Moral triggers
  • Social proof

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Book part
Publication date: 11 November 1994

PREVIOUS CRIMINOMETRIC STUDIES

E. Eide

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Economics of Crime: Deterrence and the Rational Offender
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0573-8555(1994)0000227006
ISBN: 978-0-44482-072-3

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