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This study identifies and analyzes practices related to declarative knowledge of organizational learning in the product development process (PDP) that uses the Stage-Gate (SG) system.

The field research was conducted with a qualitative approach through a case study. The study object was a multinational company in the automotive sector that is highly competent in truck chassis design with a PDP based on the SG system.

The authors identified PDPs associated with the elements of declarative knowledge of organizational learning in intra- and inter-development teams. Rather than merely being a checklist, each gate in the SG system has the potential to become a more effective and robust intra-team learning practice and promote inputs for continuous improvement in the process through its use as a checkpoint of the five elements of declarative knowledge during the development activities.

The case study was conducted in a multinational company in the automotive sector, whose business units are divided by competencies. The unit studied is a reference in truck chassis and is located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

The research model presented can be used to evaluate how companies exploit their activities and practices to leverage organizational learning in PDP. That is, the model can be used as a diagnostic reference for declarative knowledge in companies that apply the SG system to manage PDP.

The study focuses on a model of PDP analysis, aspects of organizational learning and declarative knowledge, in that the model it assists in the collection, distribution and use of information to the development team members with a view for products with greater innovation potential.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar práticas relacionadas ao conhecimento declarativo da aprendizagem organizacional no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos que utilizam o sistema Stage-Gate (SG).

A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com abordagem qualitativa por meio de um estudo de caso. O objeto de estudo foi uma empresa multinacional do setor automotivo de alta competência em projeto de chassis de caminhões com processo de desenvolvimento de produto baseado no sistema Stage-Gate.

A descrição das práticas já existentes no PDP de uma empresa multinacional do setor automotivo e que estão associadas aos elementos do conhecimento declarativo da aprendizagem organizacional nos ambientes intra e inter equipe. O gate ao invés de ser apenas um checklist, tem potential de se tornar uma prática de aprendizado intra-equipe mais efetiva e robusta e promover inputs para melhoria contínua do PDP através da utilização dele como um ponto de verificação dos 5 elementos do conhecimento declarativo que foram conduzidos pelo time de projeto durante as atividades de desenvolvimento.

O modelo de análise apresentado pelo artigo pode servir como base de avaliação de como as empresas exploram suas atividades e práticas de desenvolvimento de produtos durante as revisões de fase para garantir a aprendizagem organizacional, ou seja, como referencial de diagnóstico do conhecimento declarativo em empresas que aplicam a sistemática de stage-gates para o gerenciamento de PDP.

O artigo une em um modelo para análise de PDP, aspectos de aprendizagem organizacional e conhecimento declarativo, na medida em que ela auxilia na coleta, distribuição e utilização de informação aos membros do PDP com vistas a produtos com maior potential de inovação.

The formation of an aerospace complex in São José dos Campos (SP-Brazil) reflects a process of path dependence, which has favored sectorial technological development and innovation. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of relationships established between Embraer, the Technological Institute of Aeronautics, the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) and the institutes linked to the Aerospace Technical Center (CTA).

Using patents as a proxy for inventive activity, the authors carried out social networks analysis based on collaboration maps elaborated considering co-assignees in institutional patents.

Over time, Embraer became the main inventor of patentable technologies and a central player in the network of the aerospace complex at São José dos Campos.

Several public institutions analyzed pertain to the Brazilian Ministry of Defence. Therefore, inventive activity may be confidential, which implies a limitation in the analysis.

With acquisition of Embraer by the US company Boeing, there could be a loss of the company's technical capacity in product development. The paper argues that the aerospace complex itself might also be impacted, considering that Embraer is the most relevant inventor of patentable knowledge locally in recent decades.

La formación de un complejo aeroespacial en São José dos Campos (SP-Brasil) refleja un proceso de path dependence de la ciudad en pro del desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en el sector aeroespacial. En este sentido, el objetivo de este artículo fue investigar las relaciones establecidas entre la Embraer, el Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (INPE) y los institutos vinculados al Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA).

Utilizando las patentes como proxy para atividade inovativa, se realizaron análisis de redes sociales a partir de mapas de colaboración elaborados considerando la copropiedad de patentes pertenecientes a las instituciones analizadas.

A través del tiempo, Embraer se convirtió en la principal inventora de tecnologías patentables y actor central en la red del complejo tecnológico de São José dos Campos.

La mayoría de las instituciones seleccionadas para la realización del artículo pertenecen al organigrama del Ministerio de Defensa. Por lo tanto, pueden existir proyectos que son sigilosos, no siendo expuestos al conocimiento público, lo que implica una limitación de los análisis a las patentes encontradas.

Con la adquisición de Embraer por Boeing, es posible la pérdida de la capacidad técnica de la empresa para el desarrollo de nuevas productos, el artículo discute que el propio complejo tecnológico aeronáutico también pondrá ser impactado, que Embraer es la mayor productora de conocimiento patentable en el sector en el período reciente.

A formação de um complexo aeroespacial em São José dos Campos (SP-Brasil) reflete um processo de path dependence da cidade em prol do desenvolvimento e da inovação tecnológica no setor aeroespacial. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo foi investigar os padrões de relacionamento entre a Embraer, o Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), o Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) e os institutos vinculados ao Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA).

Utilizando as patentes como proxy para atividades inovativas, foram realizadas análises de redes sociais a partir de mapas de colaboração elaborados considerando a co-titularidade de patentes pertencentes às instituições analisadas.

Ao longo do tempo, a Embraer tornou-se a principal inventora de tecnologias patenteáveis e ator central na rede do complexo tecnológico de São José dos Campos.

Diversas instituições analisadas pertencem ao Ministério da Defesa brasileiro. Logo, a atividade inovativa pode ser sigilosa, não sendo exposta ao conhecimento público, o que implica em uma limitação das análises às patentes encontradas.

A conclusão da compra da Embraer pela Boeing pode implicar na perda da capacidade técnica da empresa para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, o artigo discute que o próprio complexo aeroespacial também seria impactado, considerando que Embraer é a maior inventora de conhecimento patenteável no setor em período recente.

The small Brazilian companies are responsible for a large part of national GDP and formal jobs in the country. This expressiveness is contrasted with the specificities of companies of this size possess, including the need to innovate to survive. Research shows that 83 percent of Brazilian SMEs have launched new products and services, obtaining positive results through this innovative process. This competitive advantage is weighted by a great feature of the small organization: resource constraint. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Research was carried out in three stages: one qualitative research (by using focal groups) and another two quantitative research works (descriptive and cross-sectional).

The author identified three factors that are important for teenagers when influencing the purchase of the family car: safety, sportiness and comfort. The identification of these factors shows that the millennial generation tends to emphasize aspects of individual interest, such as status and performance, and family context, such as safety and comfort, rather than social aspects, such as the type of fuel and environmental impact.

The authors recommend the development of automobiles that prioritize the three factors mentioned herein in order to reverse the trend of declining car purchase.

The authors presented the relevant attributes in buying decisions of family cars according to teenagers. The authors also indicated which automobile attributes are relevant for a more informed, connected, and with an increasing purchase power generation in contrast with previous generations, whose social context was prior to the emergence of social media.

The purpose of this paper is to present the innovation management program (IMP) (FAZ Program) and analyze its results according to the public policy goals that support it (Pró-Inova) suggesting improvements.

Intensive-direct-observation method in 43 companies; systematic data gathering and analysis (172 meeting documents); and innovation maturity diagnostics in 30 companies between August 2013 and May 2016.

The FAZ Program success rate according to the Pró-Inova goals achieved 81 percent. The percentage of completion of FAZ activities decreases during its implementation from 100 percent (strategic module) to 74 percent (management module) and ending at 46 percent (project module). The maturity for innovation of these committees/teams is decisive for those percentages. Companies whose maturity for innovation of the strategic committee and the organizational team are above average or excellent have, respectively, 1.8 and 1.7 times greater probability of implementing the program successfully.

The FAZ Program represents only 4 percent of the programs supported by Pró-Inova. The innovative products, processes and businesses produced by the FAZ Program implementation are not measured. These innovations usually happen several years after an innovative management models implementation.

The maturity for innovation diagnosis is useful both to evaluate the company’s innovation capacity and to predict its chances of implementing the program successfully. Adjusting the structure of the model (e.g. PDCA cycle for the organizational module) and improving the program’s implementation (e.g. ensure management module resources and maturity for innovation capacity) can increase the program’s success rate.

Previous research works on IMPs supported by Pro-Inova focus on describing their methodology or benefits. The results allow answering what and how one of these programs offers in a return to the public innovation support received.

The article aims to critically analyze the project management developed by research laboratories of a Brazilian university in order to enhance their performance. For this, a critical analysis was performed to identify existing opportunities about the management of schedules and resources. Additionally, a software was developed to enable performance improvement.

The methodological procedures used were literature review, for a theoretical foundation, and case study conducted with semi-structured interviews, documentary research and on-site visits. Through a detailed critical analysis of the laboratories' management, it was possible to understand the activities developed and map the main difficulties observed.

A total of five plausible points of improvement were identified, namely reduced teams and accumulation of activities; team seasonality; centralized management; deviations from projects and schedule control. Based on the theoretical foundation, it has been proposed adjustments to minimize the mentioned difficulties that can greatly contribute for better management efficiency of multiple research projects. In addition, a software was structured based on the proposed improvements. The laboratories' performance was monitored for a month and significant improvements were observed.

The information presented here may be of great value to other researchers interested in enhancing research laboratory performance.

The academic literature presents several examples of project management guidelines application in different organizations; however, there are few studies about the application of them in research laboratories and how to improve their performance.

The purpose of this paper is to describe benchmarking to evaluate the product development process (PDP) from a lean perspective.

The work was conducted by means of case studies at large companies in Brazil that develop products, based on a gap in the literature involving a lack of indicators to diagnose how lean are PDPs considering the principles and practices of the lean approach.

The results indicate in a quantitative manner that the 12 companies of the multiple case study are implementing the lean approach in their PDPs in an isolated or systematic manner through the categories – process, management, structure, people, product, client, supplier and waste.

The large companies in the case studies are located in different positions of the supply chain and the year that the company began introducing lean manufacturing was not considered, or the maturity of each firm.

Based on the diagnosis, it was possible to propose a set of actions so that the PDP at each company can be structured in a lean manner, improving competitiveness.

The main contribution of the study is a simple, useful and reproducible method that has a set of measurable indicators and graphic representation identifying the lean product development practices, as well as a structured guide to the implementation of improvements that allow companies from different sectors to be compared at a national level and also in the international market.

This study aims to illustrate the potential of the many centuries-old universities buildings, in European cities, in a historical, architectural, aesthetic and symbolic dimension to diversify and differentiate urban tourist destinations supply.

This is a qualitative study supported by the analysis of public and classified documents, for which the main source is based on webography, and by conducting interviews.

The deficit of cultural tours, in the dimension of built heritage, is identified as one of the weaknesses of the city of Porto, as tourist destination, to be overcome. The interviewees are unanimous in recognizing the cultural, architectural and aesthetic impact of the historic buildings of the University of Porto, and most of them strongly agree with the integration of this legacy into the tourist offer of the city. The strategic sense of the heritage is emphasized, because of its location in charismatic areas of the city. The practice of effective networking, however, falls short of what is required to achieve ambitious and consistent objectives.

The practice of effective networking, however, falls short of what is required to achieve ambitious and consistent objectives.

Emphasis is placed on the cities’ built heritage as a type of heritage that defines their uniqueness. The dissemination of cultural itineraries, which allows tourists and the community itself a broader and deeper cultural knowledge, contributes to the effective understanding of historic cities’ tourism. Given the scarcity of studies on the relationship between historic university buildings and tourism, the relevance of research focuses on highlighting the contribution of these cultural elements, through a network-based dynamic, to urban tourism destinations’ attractiveness. In particular, the University of Porto's potential for the integration of structured tourism products that contribute to the diversification and differentiation of the city of Porto as a destination is illustrated.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differential impact each of the dominant theoretical explanations has on innovation persistence. The authors hereby differentiate the degree of novelty, distinguishing between innovation based on invention (new products for the international market) and those based on imitation or adoption processes (new products for the company or new products in the national market).

Placing this study in the context of a developing country, the authors apply an ordered probit model inflated in zeros (ZIOP). This methodology enables one to not only provide results not biased by the excess of zeros but also take into account the unobserved heterogeneity with respect to the sources of zeros (that is those firms which do not innovate). The empirical analysis is based on three Colombian innovation surveys carried out between 2003 and 2008 by the Colombian National Statistics Department.

The results provide empirical evidence that two elements are essential for both types of innovation persistence: accessing external financial resources and learning through interaction. Furthermore, the sunk R&D cost approach and technological learning explain persistence in innovation of new products for the international market.

The limitations of this study are directly related to the methodological choice. The authors were unable to take into consideration two sources of heterogeneity: the one related to initial conditions and the one related to the source of the many non-innovators. They opted to focus on the latter due the research question and setting of this study. Additionally, macroeconomic instability did not allow to consider a long panel; instead the authors had to rely on a short panel.

The results provide important insights to managers. Continuous investments in innovation activities are important bot to become an innovative firm as well as to improve the odds of persistently innovating. Particularly, R&D investments are a pre-requisite for new-to-the-world innovations. Finally, it is not one specific set of capabilities which is a prerequisite for the generation of innovation; rather it is a strategic combination of various skills that increase the probability to (persistently) innovate.

With innovation persistence being especially relevant for long-run dynamics behind economic growth, the results of this study provide insights into potential public policies. Governments are in a position to at least lower barriers, which might enable more firms to persistently innovate. Continuous access – less than the actual amount – to financial resources aimed at innovation activities and learning through interaction with external agents is fundamental for both kinds of innovation persistence. Both are market characteristics where governments can – at least indirectly – intervene.

Despite the existence of various theoretical approaches, the bulk of empirical research focuses on the verification of true state innovation persistence. Thus, while innovation persistency has been widely confirmed to exist to a certain degree, knowledge regarding which theoretical approach is likely to drive a firm to persistently innovation is still scarce. Additionally, this study is placed in the context of a developing country, which by most empirical research has been overlooked but is characterized by one element which is decisive for the empirical methodology: many firms do not innovate, let alone persistently innovate.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto diferencial que cada una de las explicaciones teóricas dominantes tiene sobre la persistencia de la innovación. Para esto, diferenciamos el grado de novedad, distinguiendo entre la innovación basada en la invención (nuevos productos para el mercado internacional) y aquellas basadas en procesos de imitación o adopción (nuevos productos para el mercado nacional).

Este estudio se lleva a cabo en el contexto de un país en desarrollo, en el cual la mayoría de empresas no innovan. Consecuentemente, aplicamos un modelo probit ordenado inflado en ceros (ZIOP). Esta metodología no sólo proporciona resultados no sesgados por el exceso de ceros, sino que también tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad no observada con respecto a las fuentes de ceros (es decir, aquellas empresas que no innovan). El análisis empírico se basa en tres Encuestas de Innovación en Colombia realizadas entre 2003 y 2008 por el Departamento Nacional de Estadísticas de Colombia.

Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia empírica de que tanto el enfoque de éxito genera éxito con el de capacidades son importantes. Sin embargo, se encontró que todas las variables que se desprenden de estos enfoques teóricos no están relacionadas en forma significativa con los dos tipos de persistencia estudiados. Además, el enfoque de costos hundidos de I + D se relaciona en forma robusta con la persistencia en la innovación de nuevos productos para el mercado internacional.

Las limitaciones de este estudio están directamente relacionadas con la elección metodológica. No pudimos tomar en consideración simultáneamente dos fuentes de heterogeneidad: la relacionada con las condiciones iniciales y la relacionada con el exceso de empresas no innovadoras. Optamos por centrarnos en lo último debido a la pregunta de investigación y el contexto país en el que se desarrolla esta investigación. Adicionalmente, la inestabilidad macroeconómica no permitió considerar un panel largo; por el contrario, se usó un panel corto que cubre un periodo de tiempo de estabilidad económica.

Nuestros resultados proporcionan información importante para los gerentes. Las inversiones continuas en actividades de innovación son importantes tanto para aumentar la probabilidad de convertirse en una empresa innovadora como para mejorar las posibilidades de innovación persistente. En particular, las inversiones en I + D son un requisito para lograr innovaciones nuevas en el mundo. Finalmente, no se identificaron un conjunto único de capacidades necesarias para la generación de cualquier tipo de innovación; más bien se debe adoptar un enfoque estratégico diferenciado.

Dado que la persistencia de la innovación es especialmente relevante para las dinámicas de crecimiento económico de largo plazo, los resultados de nuestro estudio proporcionan información útil para el diseño de políticas públicas. Los gobiernos están en posición de al menos reducir las barreras que impiden que las empresas innoven persistentemente. El acceso continuo a los recursos financieros destinados a actividades de innovación y el aprendizaje a través de la interacción con agentes externos son fundamentales para ambos tipos de persistencia de innovación. Ambas son condiciones del mercado que pueden ser intervenidas, al menos indirectamente, por el gobierno.

A pesar de la existencia de tres enfoques principales sobre la persistencia en la innovación, la mayor parte de las investigaciones se han centrado en la verificación de la existencia de verdadera persistencia en innovación. Por lo tanto, aunque se ha confirmado ampliamente que la persistencia de la innovación existe hasta cierto punto, el conocimiento sobre qué enfoque teórico es probable que impulse a una empresa a innovar de manera persistente es aún escaso. Además, este estudio se ubica en el contexto de un país en desarrollo, contexto que ha sido pasado por alto en la mayoría de las investigaciones empíricas, aspecto que decisivo para la selección de la metodología empírica: muchas empresas no innovan, y mucho menos innovan persistentemente.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto diferencial que têm sobre a persistência da inovação cada uma das explicações teóricas dominantes. Para isso diferenciamos o grau de novidade, distinguindo entre inovação baseada em invenção (novos produtos para o mercado internacional) e aqueles baseados em processos de imitação ou adoção (novos produtos para o mercado nacional).

Esta pesquisa ocorre no contexto de um país em desenvolvimento, no qual a maioria das empresas não inovam. Assim sendo, temos aplicado o modelo Probit ordenado inflado-zero (ZIOP). Essa metodologia permite não só que os resultados da pesquisa não sejam influenciados por excesso de zeros, mas também a inclusão da heterogeneidade não observada em relação às fontes de zeros (isto é, aquelas empresas que não inovam). A análise empírica baseia-se em três pesquisas sobre Inovação na Colômbia realizadas entre 2003 e 2008 pelo Departamento Nacional de Estatísticas da Colômbia.

Nossos resultados fornecem evidências empíricas que indicam que tanto a abordagem de sucesso gera sucesso quanto a abordagem de capacidade é importante. No entanto, não se encontrou que todas as variáveis que emergiram dessas abordagens teóricas foram significativamente relacionadas aos dois tipos de persistência pesquisados. Além disso, a abordagem dos custos irrecuperáveis de P and D está relacionada de forma robusta à persistência na inovação de novos produtos para o mercado internacional.

As limitações desta pesquisa estão diretamente relacionadas à escolha metodológica. Não temos podido considerar duas fontes de heterogeneidade: a relacionada às condições iniciais e a relacionada ao excesso de empresas não inovadoras. Optou-se por centrar-se nesse último devido à questão de pesquisa e ao contexto do país em que foi realizada. Além disso, a instabilidade macroeconômica não permitiu um painel longo; pelo contrário, foi utilizado um painel curto que cobre um período de estabilidade econômica.

Nossos resultados provêem informação importante para os gerentes. Investimentos contínuos em atividades de inovação são importantes tanto para aumentar a probabilidade de se tornar numa empresa inovadora quanto para melhorar as possibilidades de inovação persistente. Em particular, os investimentos em P and D são um requisito para alcançar inovações no mundo. Finalmente, um conjunto único de capacidades necessárias para a geração de qualquer tipo de inovação não foi identificado; ao contrário, uma abordagem estratégica diferenciada deve ser adotada.

Dado que a persistência da inovação é especialmente relevante para as dinâmicas de longo prazo por trás do crescimento econômico, os resultados obtidos provêem informação útil para o desenho de políticas públicas. Os governos estão em posição de, pelo menos, reduzir as barreiras que impedem as empresas de inovar persistentemente. O acesso contínuo a recursos financeiros para atividades de inovação e a aprendizagem por meio da interação com agentes externos são fundamentais para os dois tipos de persistência de inovação. Ambas são condições do mercado que podem ser intervencionadas, pelo menos indiretamente, pelo governo.

Embora da existência de três abordagens principais sobre persistência na inovação, a maior parte das pesquisas concentraram-se em verificar a existência de verdadeira persistência na inovação. Portanto, ainda quando tem sido amplamente confirmado que a persistência da inovação existe até certo ponto, o conhecimento sobre qual abordagem teórico provavelmente alavanca uma empresa a inovar persistentemente ainda é escasso. Além disso, esta pesquisa está localizada num contexto de um país em desenvolvimento, que tem sido negligenciado na maioria das pesquisas empíricas, aspecto decisivo para a seleção da metodologia empírica: muitas empresas não inovam e muito menos inovam persistentemente.