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Book part
Publication date: 10 June 2015

Diversity Climate in Organizations: Current Wisdom and Domains of Uncertainty

Patrick F. McKay and Derek R. Avery

Over the past decade, the U.S. workforce has become increasingly diverse. In response, scholars and practitioners have sought to uncover ways to leverage this increasing…

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the U.S. workforce has become increasingly diverse. In response, scholars and practitioners have sought to uncover ways to leverage this increasing diversity to enhance business performance. To date, research evidence has failed to provide consistent support for the value of diversity to organizational effectiveness. Accordingly, scholars have shifted their attention to diversity management as a means to fully realize the potential benefits of diversity in organizations. The principal aim of this chapter is to review the current wisdom on the study of diversity climate in organizations. Defined as the extent that employees view an organization as utilizing fair personnel practices and socially integrating all personnel into the work environment, diversity climate has been proposed as a catalyst for unlocking the full value of diversity in organizations. During our review, we discuss the existent individual- and aggregate-level research, describe the theoretical foundations of such work, summarize the key research findings and themes gleaned from work in each domain, and note the limitations of diversity climate research. Finally, we highlight the domains of uncertainty regarding diversity climate research, and offer recommendations for future work that can enhance knowledge of diversity climate effects on organizational outcomes.

Details

Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-730120150000033008
ISBN: 978-1-78560-016-6

Keywords

  • Diversity
  • diversity management
  • diversity climate
  • leveraging diversity

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Article
Publication date: 27 July 2020

A death in the family: a metaphor about race and police brutality

Derek R. Avery and Enrica N. Ruggs

This essay was written in response to the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Rayshard Brooks by police in 2020 and the surge of social justice protests they…

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Abstract

Purpose

This essay was written in response to the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Rayshard Brooks by police in 2020 and the surge of social justice protests they helped to reignite.

Design/methodology/approach

This essay uses a metaphor that nearly everyone can understand to help build common understanding around the unique impact of police killings of Black people on other Black people.

Findings

This essay uses social psychological theory and our experiences as Black Americans and diversity scholars to illustrate why interracial conversations about police killings of Black people may not proceed as intended.

Originality/value

In the wake of growing social justice protests aimed at combating systemic racism in the US, many individuals and organizations are wrestling with determining how people can talk about race. This is uncharted territory for many, as sociological research shows that racioethnic integration has stalled or even regressed in schools, workplaces and social networks in the US This essay seeks to help readers move toward a common understanding to facilitate more empathetic interracial interactions involving Black people in the aftermath of these traumatic experiences.

Details

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, vol. 39 no. 7
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-06-2020-0169
ISSN: 2040-7149

Keywords

  • Black people
  • African Americans
  • Police brutality

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Article
Publication date: 16 February 2010

Overworked in America?: How work hours, immigrant status, and interpersonal justice affect perceived work overload

Derek R. Avery, Scott Tonidandel, Sabrina D. Volpone and Aditi Raghuram

Though a number of demographics (e.g. sex, age) have been associated with work overload, scholars have yet to consider the potential impact of immigrant status. This is…

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Abstract

Purpose

Though a number of demographics (e.g. sex, age) have been associated with work overload, scholars have yet to consider the potential impact of immigrant status. This is important because immigrants constitute a significant proportion of the workforce, and evidence suggests many employers believe they are easier to exploit. This paper aims to examine work hours, interpersonal justice, and immigrant status as predictors of work overload.

Design/methodology/approach

The hypotheses were tested using a large, national random telephone survey of employees in the United States (n=2,757).

Findings

As expected, employees who worked more hours tended to perceive more work overload. Importantly, however, this effect interacted with interpersonal justice differently for immigrant and native‐born employees. Justice attenuated the effect of work hours for the former but seemed to exacerbate it somewhat for the latter. Of note, the interactive effect was more than five times larger for immigrants than for natives.

Practical implications

The study shows that supervisors might require their employees to work longer hours without necessarily being perceived as abusive (i.e. overloading them). Doing so, however, requires treating employees justly in the form of respect, courtesy, and dignity. Though this form of just treatment is important for all employees, its effects are especially pronounced for immigrants.

Originality/value

The relationship between the number of hours worked and perceptions of work overload is examined for immigrant and non‐immigrant workers in the USA.

Details

Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 25 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011019348
ISSN: 0268-3946

Keywords

  • Immigrants
  • Hours of work
  • Interpersonal relations
  • Disadvantaged groups
  • United States of America

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Article
Publication date: 8 March 2013

Burnout on Mars and Venus: exploring gender differences in emotional exhaustion

Cristina Rubino, Sabrina D. Volpone and Derek R. Avery

The aim of this paper is to draw on gender role theory and the stressor‐strain literature to examine sex differences in emotional exhaustion. The paper also investigates a…

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to draw on gender role theory and the stressor‐strain literature to examine sex differences in emotional exhaustion. The paper also investigates a mediating mechanism (i.e. work‐family conflict) and a boundary condition (i.e. ratio between actual and desired work hours, termed overemployment/underemployment) of the sex – emotional exhaustion relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of 3,114 respondents, the paper analyzes the hypothesized moderated mediation model using Edwards and Lambert's framework.

Findings

The paper found support for the authors' model, suggesting that overemployed women are more likely to experience work‐family conflict and emotional exhaustion than men. However, when individuals work fewer hours than desired, men are more susceptible to emotional exhaustion than women by first experiencing work‐family conflict.

Research limitations/implications

Although support exists for the relationship between work‐family conflict and burnout, stressor/strain models also should include sex and overemployment/underemployment as predictors of emotional exhaustion.

Practical implications

These results suggest organizations can reduce employee work‐family conflict and subsequent emotional exhaustion by adjusting the ratio of currently worked to desired work hours. Additionally, organizations can minimize emotional exhaustion by implementing work‐family balance workplace policies.

Originality/value

To address inconsistencies in studies exploring the sex‐emotional exhaustion relationship, the paper explores a mediating mechanism and boundary condition underlying the relationship between sex and emotional exhaustion. Exploring this relationship is important for organizations and employees, as both benefit by minimizing emotional exhaustion to avoid the physical and psychological consequences with which it is associated.

Details

Gender in Management: An International Journal, vol. 28 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411311303220
ISSN: 1754-2413

Keywords

  • Sex
  • Emotional exhaustion
  • Burnout
  • Work‐family conflict
  • Overemployment
  • Gender

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Book part
Publication date: 10 June 2015

About the Authors

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Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-730120150000033011
ISBN: 978-1-78560-016-6

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Book part
Publication date: 10 June 2015

List of Contributors

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Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-730120150000033014
ISBN: 978-1-78560-016-6

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Article
Publication date: 5 March 2018

Hidden treasure: a study of unclaimed property management by state government

Darrin Wilson and Derek Slagle

Unclaimed property is an important part of state government operations, yet very little research has been conducted on the function of returning unclaimed property to…

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Purpose

Unclaimed property is an important part of state government operations, yet very little research has been conducted on the function of returning unclaimed property to owners or the related public administration operation of unclaimed property. The purpose of this paper is to offer an exploratory study of unclaimed property in the USA and the factors that influence management.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use Agency Theory to examine the role of unclaimed property in state government budgeting and operations. The data consisted of a 2011 survey of state unclaimed property agencies, which was utilized for a regression model.

Findings

Results showed: type of uniform code used to govern unclaimed property; and presence and size of marketing staff in the agency had a significant relationship with extent of property returned to owners.

Originality/value

This is the first comprehensive study on how state governments manage unclaimed property. This study can provide practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with a better insight into unclaimed property management.

Details

Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, vol. 30 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-03-2018-001
ISSN: 1096-3367

Keywords

  • Agency theory
  • Unclaimed property
  • State government

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Article
Publication date: 17 July 2009

An exploratory content analysis of situational leadership

Mark A. Papworth, Derek Milne and George Boak

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership (SL) model is widely utilised, but it has limited empirical support. This paper aims to investigate the model through content…

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Abstract

Purpose

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership (SL) model is widely utilised, but it has limited empirical support. This paper aims to investigate the model through content analysis of the transcripts of supervision sessions.

Design/methodology/approach

Eight transcripts of successful supervision interviews are subjected to in‐depth content analysis to investigate the validity of aspects of the SL model, principally that successful leadership interactions would vary systematically according to the level of supervisee experience. The supervisees consist of a novice, four training therapists, and three post‐graduate therapist practitioners. Statistical analyses are undertaken to investigate fundamental, predicted differences between the speech behaviours associated with the different developmental levels of these supervisees.

Findings

The findings offer only partial support for the model. As predicted, an increased proportion of supervisor speech is observed in the supervision of increasingly less experienced therapists. However, the majority of the more specific speech behaviours associated with supervisee experience level are not in keeping with the model.

Originality/value

These results are consistent with the findings of other evaluations of the SL model. As the present results are based on a novel approach, this increases the plausibility of the claim that SL lacks adequate empirical support. Areas of development and exploration are recommended, and limits associated with the model's utility are highlighted.

Details

Journal of Management Development, vol. 28 no. 7
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910972706
ISSN: 0262-1711

Keywords

  • Leadership
  • Leadership development
  • Management effectiveness

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Book part
Publication date: 27 November 2015

Education for the Public Good? The Influence of Privatization in American Higher Education and Society

Carol Camp Yeakey

This paper examines the growth of private corporate influence in American higher education. A key question is corporate philanthropy and privatization at what cost? The…

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Abstract

This paper examines the growth of private corporate influence in American higher education. A key question is corporate philanthropy and privatization at what cost? The terms often used in these discussions are commodification of the academy, privatization of a public good, or the increasing corporatization of higher education. Today, American universities are responding to the demands of the marketplace, as knowledge is being used as a form of venture capital and where professors have become academic entrepreneurs and students have become consumers. The foregoing is made more complex as an increasingly diverse student pool seeks access to postsecondary education, in the face of federal policies that serve to restrict access and financial support. A discussion of the collateral costs of our corporate culture as we face challenges to access, equity, and opportunity in America in the twenty-first century concludes this paper.

Details

Mitigating Inequality: Higher Education Research, Policy, and Practice in an Era of Massification and Stratification
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-358X20150000011007
ISBN: 978-1-78560-291-7

Keywords

  • Privatization
  • access
  • opportunity
  • corporate philanthropy

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Book part
Publication date: 5 February 2016

Reconciling the Small Effect of Rankings on University Performance with the Transformational Cost of Conformity

Craig Tutterow and James A. Evans

University rankings and metrics have become an increasingly prominent basis of student decisions, generalized university reputation, and the resources university’s…

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Abstract

University rankings and metrics have become an increasingly prominent basis of student decisions, generalized university reputation, and the resources university’s attract. We review the history of metrics in higher education and scholarship about the influence of ranking on the position and strategic behavior of universities and students. Most quantitative analyses on this topic estimate the influence of change in university rank on performance. These studies consistently identify a small, short-lived influence of rank shift on selectivity (e.g., one rank position corresponds to ≤1% more student applicants), comparable to ranking effects documented in other domains. This understates the larger system-level impact of metrification on universities, students, and the professions that surround them. We explore one system-level transformation likely influenced by the rise of rankings. Recent years have witnessed the rise of enrollment management and independent educational consultation. We illustrate a plausible pathway from ranking to this transformation: In an effort to improve rankings, universities solicit more applications from students to reduce their acceptance rate. Lower acceptance rates lead to more uncertainty for students about acceptance, leading them to apply to more schools, which decreases the probability that accepted students will attend. This leads to greater uncertainty about enrollment for students and universities and generates demand for new services to manage it. Because these and other system-level transformations are not as cleanly measured as rank position and performance, they have not received the same treatment or modeling attention in higher education scholarship, despite their importance for understanding and influencing education policy.

Details

The University Under Pressure
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20160000046009
ISBN: 978-1-78560-831-5

Keywords

  • Higher education
  • rankings
  • uncertainty
  • feedback effects
  • unintended consequences
  • yield rates

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