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To develop a framework for systematically defining the relevant market for intermediate goods that incorporates downstream market conditions.

We combine the well-established “Hicks-Marshall” conditions of derived demand for inputs with “critical loss/critical elasticity of demand” to yield insights into the definition of antitrust markets for intermediate goods and the competitive effects from a merger.

We show that examining “Hicks-Marshall” conditions can provide a more rigorous framework for analyzing relevant markets for intermediate goods. We also show that solely examining demand substitution possibilities for direct customers of an input can lead to an incorrect market definition.

Our framework may be difficult to apply in circumstances when several different downstream products use the input being examined and each of those downstream products has a different elasticity of demand.

We illustrate how reasonable ranges for key parameters relating to the ability of firms to substitute to other inputs and to adjust to downstream market conditions will often be sufficient to define antitrust markets for intermediate goods in practice.

Previous antitrust analysis has not systematically analyzed the impact of downstream market conditions in assessing market definition for intermediate goods. The framework we develop will be useful to future researchers attempting to define relevant markets for intermediate goods and evaluating the competitive effects of a merger.

This paper presents a simple alternative measure for the arc elasticity of demand that comes naturally and possesses some attractive properties. In particular, it equals the point demand elasticity at some point inside the interval, thus leading to the exact estimations of demand elasticity when this is constant. It also yields narrower values that Dalton’s, Lerner’s and Allen’s widely used measures, and its relationships with the arc revenue elasticities keep exact analogy with those established for the point elasticity case.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of price and income changes on food and nutrient demand of rural households by including own-produced food and production-side effects in the demand estimation to correct potential measurement bias in the income and price elasticities for rural households in underdeveloped areas. Simulation results of income and grain price changes on food and nutrition security are provided for economic nutrition security policy applications.

This study analyzes survey data of 1,555 households from underdeveloped rural areas of China to find out how price and income changes affect food and nutrition insecurity of rural households. The authors employ the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) in a two-stage budgeting framework, using quality adjusted prices that were retrieved with regressions of the difference between the unit value surveyed at household level and its village average on household characteristics. The bias correction is implemented by using an augmented IV (instrumental variable) method, in which each market price is instrumented with farm-specific variables. Important macro- and micronutrient elasticities are computed for (a) households with agriculture as main income and (b) other households (of which still many have agriculture as a side business). Finally, the authors use these elasticities to simulate how changes in income or grain prices affect the food and nutrition security in the studied areas.

In general, food income elasticities of agricultural households are at a higher level than those for other households, and so are the food price elasticities. Income changes also have a greater nutritional effect on agricultural households than on other households. Nutrient income elasticities ranged from 0.22 (energy) to 0.27 (Vitamin A) for agricultural households and from 0.19 (energy) to 0.23 (Vitamin A) for other households. Grain price increases have greater effect on nutritional status of non-agricultural households, while a grain price reduction is not clearly favoring the nutritional situation of a particular household group.

This demand study contributes to the literature by taking into account differences in consumption of own production between households and the potential endogeneity of prices resulting thereof. The authors also demonstrate that merely reporting nutrient elasticities might not be sufficient for policy recommendations, and simulations should be reported as a valuable addition.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate aggregated apparel demand in the USA and Japan and to assess the positions of apparel products manufactured in the USA and Japan in comparison to imported apparel.

Based on Porter's industry competitiveness theory as a theoretical framework, the two‐step demand analysis, time‐series market analysis and elasticities of demand using “Almost ideal demand system” was conducted in order to reveal the overall market conditions of the USA and Japan and the market positions of domestically manufactured and imported apparel products in both countries.

Regardless of the country of origin, US consumers were price conscious in purchasing apparel products because they decreased purchase for not only domestically produced products but also imported products when prices increased. However, Japanese consumers' price concept toward apparel products was dual. They increased their purchase of domestically made products if the price was higher, and decreased their purchase of imported products.

This paper provides a framework for the apparel industry competitiveness assessment with regard to the demand‐side analysis of Porter's competitiveness theory. Moreover, there is no research in the current literature that assessed the US apparel demand with regard to industry competitiveness and a cross national view, especially compared with the Japanese apparel industry.

Most demand studies have concentrated on the estimation of expenditure elasticities for single commodity at a time thereby not being able to reveal the details of the relationships among various food items demanded by households. The purpose of this paper is to simultaneously estimate the demand equations for a number of food items and to estimate cross-price elasticities which are necessary for studying consumer behaviours, marketing, production planning and policy making.

Relevant data were collected from 320 randomly selected households in a multistage sampling procedure. The normalized data were analysed in a system of equation with symmetry, adding-up and homogeneity restrictions imposed on the model.

Expenditure elasticities show that gaari and palm oil were inferior food items while others could be classified as normal. Own-price elasticities showed that beans, plantain, yam flour and rice were luxuries while others were necessities. Cross-price elasticities revealed that some were substitutes of one another while others were compliments and some were not related.

The data were collected using a month recall approach and generalizing its findings beyond such months of a year may be misleading. Therefore, other researchers should repeat the study across months and locations.

The study recommended that food policies should be broad based to encompass majority of the food items consumed in the study area given the intrinsic relationship inherent among them as their demands were interrelated and consumer behaviours as revealed by various elasticities be considered in formulating food-related policies.

The paper emphasized the need to model food demand in a system of equations as against single equation modelling.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate structural changes in the elasticity of demand for wine in the Province of Ontario and in Canada as a whole. It will provide academic researchers and practitioners with a better understanding about structural changes in the levels of wine demand elasticities over time. It will also help the relevant governments and wine business establishments in developing taxation policy and business decisions.

The Kalman filter method, in conjunction with the Chow test, is applied to investigate structural changes in the elasticity of demand for wine. The Chow test is used for primary investigations of structural changes in the elasticity of demand for wine over time, whereas the Kalman filter method provides information about the behavior of the elasticity coefficients over time.

The Chow test reveals that structural changes in wine demand for Ontario are more pronounced than those for Canada as a whole. The Kalman filter results indicate that increased (decreased) government taxation could be an effective tool for discouraging (encouraging) consumption of wine. The analysis of own‐price elasticity suggests that the effects of increased government taxation on wine consumption be totally unexpected. Cross‐price elasticity coefficients change their signs over time, suggesting that some of the goods that are considered to be complements may become substitutes. Income and unemployment levels have different effects on wine consumption in Ontario and in Canada as a whole.

There may be variation in results by wine color (red or white), country of origin (imported or domestic), or price (premium or non‐premium).

Understanding changes in the elasticity of demand structure for wine over time would help policy makers at the provincial and federal levels come up with effective tools for controlling consumption of wine over time, including their taxation policies. For the wine business establishments, the information on consumer response is important for pricing purposes.

The Kalman filter has not previously been used to examine structural changes in the demand for wine in Canada.

The purpose of this paper is to use demand behavior estimation to find the sources of price variability among resort hotels at different Spanish destinations.

This paper estimates online demand functions during high season for seven four-star resort hotels located at different Spanish destinations. Different price elasticity values are compared, and different factors affecting price elasticity are analyzed.

The main findings indicate that most of the high season periods display elastic demands, but factors such as a central location at a resort, recent refurbishments, the availability of additional facilities/services and a hotel targeted at the couples and/or half-board segments make the demand more inelastic; the Tenerife hotels had the most price-elastic demand; during the closest booking periods to the date of stay, the demand is usually more elastic; and a higher number of local competitors pushes down hotel prices.

This paper highlights the managerial implications of focusing on more profitable demand segments for hoteliers. This is especially useful for the development of revenue management software aimed at improving forecasts.

该论文评估了位于西班牙不同目的地的七家四星级度假酒店在旺季期间的在线需求函数。比较不同的价格弹性值, 分析影响价格弹性的不同因素。

本文的目的是使用需求行为估计来找出西班牙不同目的地度假酒店价格变化的来源。

主要调查结果表明：（1）大多数旺季期间的需求弹性, 但诸如度假村的中心位置、最近的翻新、额外设施/服务的可用性以及针对夫妻和/的酒店等因素或半食宿使需求更加缺乏弹性; (2) 特内里费酒店的价格弹性需求最大; (3) 在离入住日期最近的预订期间, 需求通常更具弹性; (4) 更多的本地竞争者压低了酒店价格。

本论文强调了酒店经营者应关注更有利可图的需求细分市场的管理意义。研究发现对于开发旨在改进预测的收益管理软件特别有价值。

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of socio‐economic variables on households' food demand. This paper derived the indirect utility function in terms of expenditure and price through the use of nonlinear demand quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model to estimate price, expenditure and elasticities of food items consumed in the North‐Central, Nigeria, and the impact of the socio‐economic variables on households' food demand.

The primary data used came from random selection of 396 households between 2006 and 2007 through a stratified random sampling procedure from Kwara and Kogi states making up the North Central zone in Nigeria.

All own price elasticities of the six food groups analyzed (root and tubers – RT, cereal – CR, legume – LG, animal protein – AP, fruits and vegetable – FV, fats and oil) showed that they are price inelastic. The results of income elasticity show that AP consumption is the most sensitive to income changes, while fats and oil is the least sensitive to income changes. Factors that positively and significantly affected demand for LG, FV, AP, CR and RT were household size (HSZ), level of education, primary occupation, access to credit, presence of children ≤6 years mainly at P<0.01. HSZ (P<0.01) negatively affected demand for AP.

This paper is original and novel in that it examines the impact of socio‐economic variables on households' food demand. High‐income elasticities of demand for all the food groups in QUAIDS except fruits and vegetable, as well as fats and oils, suggests that income‐generating policies will foster higher levels of consumption for these commodities.