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Book part
Publication date: 4 December 2003

ETHNIC MINORITY ENTREPRENEURS AND THE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE U.K.: ACCESS TO FORMAL SOURCES OF FINANCE AND DECISION-MAKING BY THEIR BANKERS

David Deakins, Monder Ram, David Smallbone and Margaret Fletcher

This chapter is concerned with access to bank finance by ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) in the U.K., focusing particularly on the process of decision-making by bank…

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Abstract

This chapter is concerned with access to bank finance by ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) in the U.K., focusing particularly on the process of decision-making by bank managers with respect to credit applications by entrepreneurs from ethnic minority groups. The results reported in this chapter are taken from a major U.K. study that included two large scale surveys of EMB owners and a white control group, case studies with ethnic minority entrepreneurs and a programme of interviews with business support agencies. Whilst referring to other evidence, this chapter focuses on the findings from a series of interviews with bank representatives. The U.K. study was funded by the British Bankers’ Association (BBA), the Bank of England and the Small Business Service and supported by the Commission for Racial Equality.

Details

Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7877(03)04014-5
ISBN: 978-1-84950-220-7

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Article
Publication date: 8 July 2019

Does a rural location matter for innovative small firms? How rural and urban environmental contexts shape strategies of agri-business innovative small firms

David Deakins and Jo Bensemann

The purpose of this paper is to present qualitative evidence on strategies undertaken by 34 innovative small firms.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present qualitative evidence on strategies undertaken by 34 innovative small firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample of innovative firms is solely recruited from the agri-business sector that are located in contrasting environments varying from rural areas with low urban influence to areas with high urban influence and “main” urban or city areas. The authors discuss strategies in the light of a theoretical approach that incorporates a resource-based view, dynamic capabilities (DCs) and social network theory.

Findings

Although there is diversity in strategies across the 34 innovative small firms, irrespective of their “rural” or “urban” environment, qualitative evidence sheds light on differences in the way that strategies are pursued.

Research limitations/implications

The study indicates that small firms in rural environments can be just as innovative as their counterparts in urban environments; however, the authors demonstrate that they adopt different strategies, which have been shaped by their environment, to achieve innovation. The authors use the qualitative evidence to develop the theory of DCs and classify the sample into four clusters which marries the environmental context and innovative DCs.

Originality/value

The paper makes a contribution to a research gap on the way that the environment can shape management strategies in innovative small firms. It contributes to a limited literature in this area.

Details

Management Decision, vol. 57 no. 7
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2017-0658
ISSN: 0025-1747

Keywords

  • Innovation
  • Agri-business
  • Private equity
  • Customer co-creation
  • Early adopters

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2021

A network perspective on foreign entry modes of small knowledge-intensive services firms

Martina Battisti, Joanna Scott-Kennel and David Deakins

Integrating network attributes from studies of social networks, business relationships and small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) internationalization, this study adopts…

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Abstract

Purpose

Integrating network attributes from studies of social networks, business relationships and small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) internationalization, this study adopts a perceptual view of a firm’s focal “net” of relationships to examine foreign market entry mode choice. This study aims to examine how the interaction between knowledge-intensive service (KIS) firm’s network ties, embeddedness and position is related to choice of mode and subsequently the firm’s perceived insidership status within its focal net.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is based on qualitative interviews with 25 small- to medium-sized KIS firms engaged in direct exporting or foreign direct investment (FDI). This study derives an empirically grounded framework of four distinct network patterns of these KIS firms through an iterative process of triangulation between cases and theory.

Findings

The four network patterns illustrate the complex interaction between network attributes and entry mode choice by KIS firms. The findings suggest formal ties and centrality in closed network relationships provide the “central controller” firm discretion over their entry mode choice. Resource-intensive FDI by “opportunistic investors” proved essential to securing centrality through formal, institutional ties. Less optimal patterns lacking institutional ties and centrality, however, precluded choice of FDI by “specialized exporters” and “client followers.” The study finds that entry modes are less likely to be influenced by the firm’s embeddedness in open or closed network relationships, but rather by the desire to achieve a more central network position and legitimacy through more formal, less imitable ties.

Research limitations/implications

The findings demonstrate the importance of network structure, a position of centrality, and strength of professional and institutional ties to small KIS firm internationalization. By adopting a more finely grained examination of the interaction between key attributes of the firm’s focal net, this study provides a valuable first step in conceptualizing the complexities associated with networking and adoption of export/investment internationalization modes.

Practical implications

There are a number of implications for the strategic and operational facets of smaller KIS firm internationalization. To avoid excessive network liability for resource-deficient SMEs, practitioners should consider network positioning as a strategic activity, with the costs associated with building and maintaining networks offset against economic- and resource-related returns.

Originality/value

The authors contribute to a better understanding of entry mode choices of KIS by taking a network perspective that accounts for the combined effects of different network attributes. The four network patterns identified extend current theoretical knowledge on the role of networks for entry mode choices of small KIS by highlighting that entry mode choices reflect the particular firm’s focal net and its attempt to achieve insidership status through high centrality and formal ties.

Details

European Journal of Marketing, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2018-0732
ISSN: 0309-0566

Keywords

  • Network
  • Position
  • Ties
  • Embeddedness
  • Internationalization
  • Entry mode
  • Foreign direct investment
  • Exporting
  • Services
  • KIS
  • SME
  • Centrality
  • Biotechnology

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2003

A Conceptual Model for Sport Services Marketing Research: Integrating Quality, Value and Satisfaction

Hans M. Westerbeek and David Shilbury

This paper advances our understanding of the relationship between quality, value and satisfaction in the context of spectator sport services. This is achieved through an…

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Abstract

This paper advances our understanding of the relationship between quality, value and satisfaction in the context of spectator sport services. This is achieved through an analysis and examination of relevant secondary data culminating in a conceptual model. Although extensive research has been conducted in the three separate areas of quality, value and satisfaction, to date no work has been reported attempting to develop macro models that capture the concepts and their potential interrelationships. Such macro models could enhance the communication and stimulate further research for sport marketing scholars. This paper proposes a model apposite for further research and in the process leads to the potential confirmation, rejection or indeed, adaptation of the conceptualization of sport services.

Details

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, vol. 5 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-01-2003-B002
ISSN: 1464-6668

Keywords

  • Services marketing
  • holistic model
  • service quality
  • value
  • satisfaction

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Article
Publication date: 1 June 2000

Executive learning in entrepreneurial firms and the role of external directors

David Deakins, Eileen O’Neill and Patrick Mileham

Provides an analysis of the role of “external” or non‐executive directors and their relationship with executive entrepreneurs in small but entrepreneurial (growing…

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Abstract

Provides an analysis of the role of “external” or non‐executive directors and their relationship with executive entrepreneurs in small but entrepreneurial (growing) companies, focusing on their influence on executive learning. We provide qualitative analysis of research based on 45 face‐to‐face interviews. Despite the importance given to individual executive and organisational learning in large companies, comparatively little literature exists on executive entrepreneurial learning in small companies. The factors that can affect such learning are discussed with emphasis on the role played by external directors who, it is argued, are likely to be appointed in such companies due to the need for additional expertise and knowledge in a rapidly changing environment.

Details

Education + Training, vol. 42 no. 4/5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910010347795
ISSN: 0040-0912

Keywords

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Learning
  • Non‐executive directors

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2002

Evolution, financial management and learning in the small firm

David Deakins, Alana Morrison and Laura Galloway

There is an assumption that inadequate financial management practices are contributors to turbulence in the small firm sector; yet there have been few investigations into…

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Abstract

There is an assumption that inadequate financial management practices are contributors to turbulence in the small firm sector; yet there have been few investigations into the factors that influence an owner‐manager’s approach and the processes involved in the evolution of strategy and associated learning in this area. Previous studies have adopted a comparative static approach that is survey‐based; we argue that these studies can only give limited insights. We adopt a comparative case study methodology to develop an evolutionary process view of financial management in small firms. Despite the increased attention paid to owner‐managers in the small firms sector, we know comparatively little about the process of financial management and how small firms learn and adjust strategy and decision‐making in this area. In this paper, we attempt to shed some light on the process issues within small firms from qualitative evidence collected as part of a programme of case study research with entrepreneurs and owner‐managers. We discuss case evidence and focus on how owner‐managers reach financial management decisions, how they learn and adjust behaviour within the entrepreneurship process.

Details

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 9 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000210419446
ISSN: 1462-6004

Keywords

  • Financial management
  • Small firms
  • Strategy
  • Learning
  • Decision making

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Book part
Publication date: 4 December 2003

Table of Contents

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Abstract

Details

Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7877(03)04016-9
ISBN: 978-1-84950-220-7

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Book part
Publication date: 4 December 2003

INTRODUCTION: THOUGHTS ON A COMMON THREAD

Curt H Stiles and Craig S Galbraith

Leading off the book, and the first paper in this section, is, “The Ethnic Ownership Economy” by Ivan Light. This survey paper hardly needs an introduction, because the…

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Abstract

Leading off the book, and the first paper in this section, is, “The Ethnic Ownership Economy” by Ivan Light. This survey paper hardly needs an introduction, because the author is one of the foremost scholars in the field of ethnic economics and entrepreneurship. Ivan Light can be argued to be one of the founders of fields concerned with ethnicity on the strength of his groundbreaking early study Ethnic Enterprise in America (1972). Over the subsequent years he has remained on the cutting edge of research, and the survey paper included here clearly reflects that fact. In this paper, the author reviews and summarizes a significant body of sociological research concerning ethnic economies. He offers three challenges for future research: the first is to examine how the ethnic or immigrant entrepreneurs differ from non-immigrant entrepreneurs, the second is to investigate how immigrants tend to differ in the bundle of resources when compared to their indigenous counterparts, and the third is to study how in multi-ethnic societies non-immigrant entrepreneurs and immigrant/ethnic minority entrepreneurs operate out of social networks with minimal overlap.

Details

Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7877(03)04018-2
ISBN: 978-1-84950-220-7

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Article
Publication date: 8 December 2020

“Behind the white curtain”: Indian students and researchers in Australia, 1901–1950

Amit Sarwal and David Lowe

Academic scholarship on the White Australia Policy (WAP) has highlighted the history of Asian migration, early perceptions and policy-making initiatives. Prominent…

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Abstract

Purpose

Academic scholarship on the White Australia Policy (WAP) has highlighted the history of Asian migration, early perceptions and policy-making initiatives. Prominent scholars have also pointed out the impact of the British Empire and WAP on Australia–India relations and early Indian migrants in Australia. Drawing on the debate concerning international students in Australia, our purpose in this article is to recover the role of Indian students in the story of Australian–Indian connections.

Design/methodology/approach

The article aims to highlight the reasons behind the involvement of the Australian government in the provision of scholarships and fellowships to Indian students and researchers at Australian universities during the period of WAP. To achieve this, it uses contemporary Australian newspaper reports to explore the popular representations of sponsored Indian students and researchers in Australia from 1901 to 1950.

Findings

The article concludes that the prevalence of this racially discriminatory immigration policy created a dissatisfaction among Indians, and some Australian sources of agitation, that helped chip away at the Australian government’s admission policies and the gradual demise of WAP.

Originality/value

This article contributes to the historiography and the effects of colonialism on Australian–Indian relations and debates on policy formation based on ideas of whiteness.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-07-2020-0044
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Whiteness
  • White Australia Policy
  • India
  • British subjects
  • Scholarships

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 1999

Entrepreneurial learning continued

Alastair R. Anderson and David Deakins

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Details

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, vol. 5 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr.1999.16005daa.001
ISSN: 1355-2554

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