Search results

The chapter is devoted to the problem of creating effective tools for attracting extra-budgetary sources and increasing the interest of contemporary Russian enterprises in implementing projects to repair past (accumulated) environmental damage.

The objective of the research is the regions of the Russian Federation (constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and the mechanisms for financing the projects in the field of accumulated damage repair being implemented at the state level. This is possible by financing the project with the participation of the company involved in the accumulated damage in the regions.

The chapter deals with the investigation of the basic concepts of the problems of accumulated damage and the identification of the main problems and the contradictions in attracting financing for the implementation of damage repair projects in the Russian law enforcement field. The analysis of indicators characterizing the dynamics of financing of such projects in the Russian regions and the methodology of selecting priority objects of accumulated damage for their financing at the federal level is also examined.

The research resulted in the authors’ conclusion that the problem of attracting extra-budgetary sources to repair accumulated damage is connected not only with the contradictions in the Russian environmental legislation, but also with the insufficient development of such institutions as public-private and municipal-private partnerships. The chapter contains proposals for the development of results-based tools using the mechanism of public-private partnership to repair the accumulated damage.

In effort to understand and reduce flood consequences more effectively and strategically, flood risk assessment has been a cornerstone of a long-term flood management. One component of flood risk assessment is the estimation of a range of possible damage to an area exposed to flooding, that is, the vulnerability curve. The vulnerability curve can be depicted by a stage–damage relationship. This study attempts to investigate how vulnerability to flooding can be quantitatively assessed using a micro-scale approach in Malaysia’s vulnerable areas. A residential area in Kota Bharu was chosen as the case study area. Depth–damage relationships from a multiple regression function of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia and spatial variability of residential buildings were used for the micro-scale assessment. Final estimates of expected annual damage were then calculated for each building type at 1-, 3- and 5-day flood durations. Results show that the methodology adopted is feasible to be applied for local-scale assessment flood risk assessment in Malaysia. The results also suggest that applying the methodology is possible when given wider availability of resources and information. This is particularly important for a robust end-to-end flood risk assessment for long-term effective flood management in Malaysia.

To suppress fatigue damage and ensure structural safety, this paper aims to analyze the effect of the damage accumulation on the aeroelastic model of an air-breathing hypersonic flight vehicle (AHFV).

Initially, by constructing the modified longitudinal elastic model of an AHFV, the stress condition of the fuselage is analyzed, and the model differences with the rigid body are studied. Then, a new damage dynamic model is presented to describe the damage dynamic evolution. Finally, combining the damage model and the longitudinal model of the AHFV, the key variables affecting the damage accumulation are determined.

It is demonstrated that the elastic deformation must be considered when analyzing the damage characteristics of the fuselage and to determine the key variables that affect the damage accumulation, which provides a more accurate reference for improving the structural reliability and lifespan of AHFVs.

The novelty of this paper comes from the application of the force and stress models for the damage evolution of the AHFV and the development of a new damage model for the entire body with the elastic dynamics of AHFVs.

This paper suggests a new method for determining the sewing damage that occurs in single jersey fabrics based on the calculation of the needle hole area. This paper also aims to investigate the effects of material type, sewing parameters, and repeated washing cycles on sewing damage by using this method.

Six knitted fabrics, differing in structure and raw material, were produced. Samples were sewn using different sewing parameters, and they were subjected to ten washing cycles. Values of average needle hole area, an objective indicator of sewing damage, were calculated before and after repeated washing cycles using image analysis software and were evaluated statistically.

The results showed that the average needle hole area calculated via the image analysis software effectively estimates sewing damage as the results obtained were compatible with those stated in the literature. Furthermore, fabric type, sewing direction, sewing thread type, and needle size significantly affected the sewing damage. However, stitch density did not affect the sewing damage. When the effect of washing cycles was compared, it was seen that washing leads to an increase in sewing damage.

A review of the existing literature shows that no previous study has evaluated sewing damage using image analysis software. This study proposes a novel objective method to determine the sewing damage that occurs in knitted fabrics.

Aero-engine components endure combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) loading during service, which has attracted more research attention in recent years. This study aims to construct a new framework for the prediction of probabilistic fatigue life and reliability evaluation of an aero-engine turbine shaft under CCF loading if considering the material uncertainty.

To study the CCF failure of the aero-engine turbine shaft, a CCF test is carried out. An improved damage accumulation model is first introduced to predict the CCF life and present high prediction accuracy in the CCF loading situation based on the test. Then, the probabilistic fatigue life of the turbine shaft is predicted based on the finite element analysis and Monte Carlo analysis, where the material uncertainty is taken into account. At last, the reliability evaluation of the turbine shaft is conducted by stress-strength interference models based on an improved damage accumulation model.

The results indicate that predictions agree well with the tested data. The improved damage accumulation model can accurately predict the CCF life because of interaction damage between low cycle fatigue loading and high cycle fatigue loading. As a result, a framework is available for accurate probabilistic fatigue life prediction and reliability evaluation.

The proposed framework and the presented testing in this study show high efficiency on probabilistic CCF fatigue life prediction and can provide technical support for fatigue optimization of the turbine shaft.

The novelty of this work is that CCF loading and material uncertainty are considered in probabilistic fatigue life prediction.

In order to explore the damaging effect of behind-armor debris of explosively formed projectile (EFP) attack on the top armor of tank and the internal parts of vehicles, a method of damage probability calculation based on experiments is proposed.

The equivalent target structure of rear-effect damage of the equipment and personnel in the vehicle is determined based on the analysis of the vulnerability of internal equipment and personnel in the tank. The experimental scheme to obtain the density distribution of behind-armor debris is designed, and the calculation model of the damage probability of cavitating antipersonnel debris to the key components of the vehicle is given in the range of scattering angles and different broken pieces.

The examples show that the damage probability calculation model can be used in the process of evaluating the damage of the equipment and personnel in the tank by behind-armor debris.

An experimental model based on the analysis of the vulnerability of the equipment and personnel is proposed to calculate the damage probability from debris falling on the equipment and personnel in the vehicle. The results are of great value to the calculation of damage evaluation of the equipment and personnel in the tank.

Engineering components/structures with geometric discontinuities normally bear complex and variable loads, which lead to a multiaxial and random/variable amplitude stress/strain state. Hence, this study aims how to effectively evaluate the multiaxial random/variable amplitude fatigue life.

Recent studies on critical plane method under multiaxial random/variable amplitude loading are reviewed, and the computational framework is clearly presented in this paper.

Some basic concepts and latest achievements in multiaxial random/variable amplitude fatigue analysis are introduced. This review summarizes the research status of four main aspects of multiaxial fatigue under random/variable amplitude loadings, namely multiaxial fatigue criterion, method for critical plane determination, cycle counting method and damage accumulation criterion. Particularly, the latest achievements of multiaxial random/variable amplitude fatigue using critical plane methods are classified and highlighted.

This review attempts to provide references for further research on multiaxial random/variable amplitude fatigue and to promote the development of multiaxial fatigue from experimental research to practical engineering application.

The microseismic monitoring technique has great advantages on identifying the location, extent and the mechanism of damage process occurring in rock mass. This study aims to analyze distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone of surrounding rock based on microseismic monitoring data.

In situ test using microseismic monitoring technique is carried out in the large-span transition tunnel of Badaling Great Wall Station of Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway. An intelligent microseismic monitoring system is built with symmetry monitoring point layout both on the mountain surface and inside the tunnel to achieve three-dimensional and all-round monitoring results.

Microseismic events can be divided into high density area, medium density area and low density area according to the density distribution of microseismic events. The positions where the cumulative distribution frequencies of microseismic events are 60 and 80% are identified as the boundaries between high and medium density areas and between medium and low density areas, respectively. The high density area of microseismic events is regarded as the high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, which is affected by the grade of surrounding rock and the span of tunnel. The prediction formulas for the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock at different tunnel positions are given considering these two parameters. The scale of the average moment magnitude parameters of microseismic events is adopted to describe the damage degree of surrounding rock. The strong positive correlation and multistage characteristics between the depth of excavation damage zone and deformation of surrounding rock are revealed. Based on the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock, the prestressed anchor cable (rod) is designed, and the safety of anchor cable (rod) design parameters is verified by the deformation results of surrounding rock.

The research provides a new method to predict the surrounding rock damage zone of large-span tunnel and also provides a reference basis for design parameters of prestressed anchor cable (rod).

Investment capital markets have been displaying signs of disarray and are significantly damaged. This is especially manifest in the case of the USA and some countries in Europe. Symptoms of this damage are visible. The operators are declining in number, contracting in scale and losing in asset base. The products are losing glitter and are shunned by investors. The monitors have lost creditably. And the regulators have failed at regulating. This is the focus of the following article. An analysis of damage incurred within the investment capital market and the possible projection of damage parameters within a conceptual and operational model. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The paper starts with a definition of the damage concept, proceeds to relate damage to four forces, i.e. players, products, monitors and regulators and concludes with a conceptual and operational model for damage analysis. The paper is eclectic relying on finance, macro-economic and strategic management analytically frameworks.

A definition of investment capital market damage is proposed and an identification of several strains of this damage is made. Prime among the strains is malignant operator concentration, monitor misleading self-interest and product failure. The damage concept could be contained within a conceptual and operational model.

The derived model could provide a base for countrywide investment capital market damage level assessment and directions for policy and strategy response especially for organizations as the World Bank and the IMF.

The issue addressed is possibly never conceptually tackled within investment capital market analysis.

Indentation tests performed in creep damage materials show that slopes of initial portions of unloading curves which are often used to calculate indented modulus can characterize creep damage. To evaluate the influence of different indenters in determining creep damage, conical, spherical and cylindrical indenters which are all self‐similar in shape were considered by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Indentation load (P)‐displacement (h) curves and equivalent elastic modulus ( E * )‐creep damage (ω) curves were given. Results show that the cylindrical indenter is appropriate for “soft” materials, the conical indenter is suitable for small creep damage materials, and the spherical indenter can be used in many other materials.