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The chapter is devoted to the problem of creating effective tools for attracting extra-budgetary sources and increasing the interest of contemporary Russian enterprises in implementing projects to repair past (accumulated) environmental damage.

The objective of the research is the regions of the Russian Federation (constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and the mechanisms for financing the projects in the field of accumulated damage repair being implemented at the state level. This is possible by financing the project with the participation of the company involved in the accumulated damage in the regions.

The chapter deals with the investigation of the basic concepts of the problems of accumulated damage and the identification of the main problems and the contradictions in attracting financing for the implementation of damage repair projects in the Russian law enforcement field. The analysis of indicators characterizing the dynamics of financing of such projects in the Russian regions and the methodology of selecting priority objects of accumulated damage for their financing at the federal level is also examined.

The research resulted in the authors’ conclusion that the problem of attracting extra-budgetary sources to repair accumulated damage is connected not only with the contradictions in the Russian environmental legislation, but also with the insufficient development of such institutions as public-private and municipal-private partnerships. The chapter contains proposals for the development of results-based tools using the mechanism of public-private partnership to repair the accumulated damage.

Investment capital markets have been displaying signs of disarray and are significantly damaged. This is especially manifest in the case of the USA and some countries in Europe. Symptoms of this damage are visible. The operators are declining in number, contracting in scale and losing in asset base. The products are losing glitter and are shunned by investors. The monitors have lost creditably. And the regulators have failed at regulating. This is the focus of the following article. An analysis of damage incurred within the investment capital market and the possible projection of damage parameters within a conceptual and operational model. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The paper starts with a definition of the damage concept, proceeds to relate damage to four forces, i.e. players, products, monitors and regulators and concludes with a conceptual and operational model for damage analysis. The paper is eclectic relying on finance, macro-economic and strategic management analytically frameworks.

A definition of investment capital market damage is proposed and an identification of several strains of this damage is made. Prime among the strains is malignant operator concentration, monitor misleading self-interest and product failure. The damage concept could be contained within a conceptual and operational model.

The derived model could provide a base for countrywide investment capital market damage level assessment and directions for policy and strategy response especially for organizations as the World Bank and the IMF.

The issue addressed is possibly never conceptually tackled within investment capital market analysis.

Indentation tests performed in creep damage materials show that slopes of initial portions of unloading curves which are often used to calculate indented modulus can characterize creep damage. To evaluate the influence of different indenters in determining creep damage, conical, spherical and cylindrical indenters which are all self‐similar in shape were considered by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Indentation load (P)‐displacement (h) curves and equivalent elastic modulus ( E * )‐creep damage (ω) curves were given. Results show that the cylindrical indenter is appropriate for “soft” materials, the conical indenter is suitable for small creep damage materials, and the spherical indenter can be used in many other materials.

The purpose of this paper is to synthetically investigate the impact damage responses of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and its influence on the compression mechanical responses of CFRP laminates, including damage distribution, residual compressive strength and fracture morphology.

A progressive damage simulation model is developed to analyze the complicated damage responses of CFRP laminates that are manufactured by resin transfer method (RTM) technology. Based on the ABAQUS/explicit finite element analysis solver, a VUMAT code is proposed to descript the composite materials’ damage behaviors under both impact and compression load. Adopting this proposed model, the primary mechanical indicators of four groups’ 5284RTM/U3160 CFRP laminates with different stacking sequences are predicted. Moreover, impact and compression after impact tests are conducted to verify the accuracy of simulation results.

Both simulation and experimental results show that the impact damage with low visible detectability can significantly reduce composites’ compressive strength. For all four groups’ composite laminates, the residual strength ratio is around 35% or even lower. The kernel impact damage near the plates’ geometric center promotes the degradation process of local materials and finally leads to the early occurrence of mechanical fracture. In addition, the impact damage projection area is not sensitive to the parameters of stacking sequences, while the residual compression strength is proportional to the number of 0-degree layers within whole laminates.

This study helps to understand the effect of an impact event on CFRP laminates’ compressive bearing capacity and provides a numerical method in simulating the damage responses under both impact and compression load.

The purpose of the paper is to improve the calculability of a continuum damage failure model of composite laminates based on Tsai-Wu criteria.

A technique based on viscous regularization, a characteristic element length and fracture energies of fiber and matrix are used in the model.

The calculability of the material model is improved. The modified model can predict the behavior of composite structure better.

The convergence problem and the mesh softening problem are main concern in the calculability of numerical model. In order to improve the convergence, a technique based on viscous regularization of damage variable is used. Meanwhile, characteristic element length and fracture energies of fiber and matrix are added into the damage constitutive equation to reduce the mesh sensitivity of numerical results. Finally, a laminated structure with damages is implemented using a User Material Subroutine in ABAQUS/Standard. Mesh sensitivity and value of viscosity are discussed.

In the present investigation, a finite element analysis procedure is developed to predict the initiation and propagation of damages as well as to analyse damaged laminated composite plates under forced vibration and impact loads. Isoparametric quadratic plate bending element (nine‐noded rectangular) based on Mindlin plate theory is used to develop the FE codes for the present analysis. A phenomenological damage model assuming the effective stress concept is used to represent the damage of a lamina. The initiation and progress of damage due to forced vibration and low velocity impact are studied for different impactor velocities.

Buried structures like pipeline systems or water distribution networks (WDN) are vulnerable to seismic activities and the risk of damages increases when there is liquefaction. This paper aims to propose a methodology on how to determine the probable maximum loss (PML) on pipeline systems when earthquakes and liquefaction occur in future scenarios.

The paper used historical data and presents a case study on how the methodology to estimate the PML was used. The estimation is analytic and relied on simulations to determine the seismic and liquefaction hazard in the study area. Statistical and numerical analysis was used to estimate the damages and losses.

The output shows the PML of a WDN at different earthquake scenarios. It also shows a comparison between the damages and losses of diameter sizes of the pipes.

In this paper, the damages behaved independently in one area, and correlation was not considered.

This PML methodology can aid in pre-disaster planning to prepare for seismic countermeasures risk transfer such as insurance to reduce the loss.

This paper shows a methodology and example on how to estimate the damages and PMLs of an existing WDN of a projected earthquake and liquefaction hazard based on historical data.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc. is a challenge to conventional antitrust analysis. Conventional civil antitrust cases are decided by a preponderance of the evidence. This means that conduct challenged under the rule of reason is only condemned if the conduct resulted in more competitive harm in the actual world than a world without the alleged violation. Under conventional analysis, the intent of the parties also plays only a supporting role in determining whether the conduct was anticompetitive. A holder of a valid patent has a right to exclude others practicing the patented technology. And, the patent holder is not assumed to have market power because it expended resources in maintaining exclusionary rights. Actavis creates doubts about these propositions in circumstances beyond the “reverse” payment settlement of a patent suit that may have delayed an alleged infringer market entry. This chapter explores whether applying Actavis logic to antitrust litigation can result in condemnation of practices where there is little chance of an anticompetitive effect, where the patent holder likely has a valid and infringed patent, where there is little reason to believe that the patent holder has market power, and where only one party, or no parties, to an agreement have an anticompetitive intent. This chapter also investigates whether Actavis creates new problems with standing analysis, damages calculations, and the balancing of efficiencies against anticompetitive effects. Nevertheless, the lower courts have begun to extend the logic of Actavis. This is apparent in the condemnation of no-Authorized-generic settlements.

Offshoring is the process of using unaffiliated foreign companies or affiliated offshore entities (AOEs) to manufacture goods or perform services. The Big 4 public accounting firms offshore tax services (Houlder, 2007) and, more recently, have started to offshore audit tasks of their U.S.-based clients to AOEs located in India (Daugherty & Dickins, 2009). While the benefits of offshoring might be substantial, there are also costs associated with moving domestic work to foreign locations. One of these costs may be greater damage awards in lawsuits involving an audit failure where audit tasks were performed overseas as opposed to the United States. This study investigates that possibility by experimentally examining the effect of offshoring audit tasks requiring different levels of judgment on the amount of damages awarded by potential jurors as a result of an audit failure. The results show potential jurors awarded greater damages against the auditor when audit tasks were performed offshore than when they were performed in the United States. There was no effect of the level of judgment of the audit task on damages awarded. Since this study examines offshoring to only one location, India, results may not be generalizable to other offshore locations.