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1 – 10 of 36Luca Zanette, Leonardo Reyneri and Giuseppe Bruni
This paper aims to present an innovative system able to establish an inter-satellite communication crosslink and to determine the mutual physical positioning for CubeSats…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present an innovative system able to establish an inter-satellite communication crosslink and to determine the mutual physical positioning for CubeSats belonging to a swarm.
Design/methodology/approach
Through a system involving a smart antenna array managed by a beamforming control strategy, every CubeSat of the swarm can measure the direction of arrival (DOA) and the distance (range) to estimate the physical position of the received signal. Moreover, during the transmission phase, the smart antenna shapes the beam to establish a reliable and directive communication link with the other spacecraft and/or with the ground station. Furthermore, the authors introduce a deployable structure fully developed at Politecnico di Torino that is able to increase the external surface of CubeSats: this surface allows to gain the interspace between elements of the smart antenna.
Findings
As a consequence, the communication crosslink, the directivity and the detection performance of the DOA system in terms of directivity and accuracy are improved.
Practical implications
Moreover, the deployable structure offers a greater usable surface, so a larger number of solar panels can be used. This guarantees up to 25 W of average power supply for the on-board systems and for transmission on a one-unit (1U) CubeSat (10 × 10 × 10 cm).
Originality/value
This paper describes the physical implementation of the antenna array system on a 1U CubeSat by using the deployable structure developed. Depending on actuators and ability that every CubeSat disposes, various interaction levels between elements can be achieved, thus making the CubeSat constellation an efficient and valid solution for space missions.
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Matthew Sibanda and Robert Ryk van Zyl
Incorporating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the design life of traditional satellites is entrenched in the satellite industry. However, EMC treatment of CubeSats has not…
Abstract
Purpose
Incorporating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the design life of traditional satellites is entrenched in the satellite industry. However, EMC treatment of CubeSats has not been widely pursued, for various possible reasons. CubeSats are a young technology platform initially intended for students and researchers at universities to create awareness and excitement amongst them for space technology. This and other factors limited the need for stringent EMC planning. As CubeSats mature in complexity, the success of future missions will rely on incorporating proper EMC designs in their development. This paper aims to address the experimental investigation of known EMC culprits within a CubeSat’s context.
Design/methodology/approach
Electromagnetic interference suppression effectiveness of cable trays in CubeSats, as well as crosstalk in high-speed/frequency data links, is investigated, using the PC/104 connector stack. Some recommendations for improving the EMC and, therefore, enhancing satellite mission success are provided.
Findings
It was found that, if physically feasible in the CubeSat, cable trays are significant radiation suppressors. A further investigation into crosstalk between pins of the PC/104 connector stack showed that grounding a pin in between two signal pins leads to a significant reduction in the coupled signal.
Originality/value
This paper addresses EMC within the context of a CubeSat and outlines experiments done resulting in cost-effective methods of reducing interference by using already available material (such as unused signal pins available in the PC/104 connector).
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Syahrim Azhan Ibrahim and Eiki Yamaguchi
This study aims to predict the types of thermally induced dynamics (TID) that can occur on deployable solar panels of a small form factor satellite, CubeSat which flies in low…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to predict the types of thermally induced dynamics (TID) that can occur on deployable solar panels of a small form factor satellite, CubeSat which flies in low Earth orbit (LEO). The TID effect on the CubeSat body is examined.
Design/methodology/approach
A 3U CubeSat with four short-edge deployable solar panels is considered. Time historic temperature of the solar panels throughout the orbit is obtained using a thermal analysis software. The results are used in numerical simulation to find the structural response of the solar panel. Subsequently, the effect of solar panel motion on pointing the direction of the satellite is examined using inertia relief method.
Findings
The thermal snap motion could occur during eclipse transitions due to rapid temperature changes in solar panels’ cross-sections. In the case of asymmetric solar panel configuration, noticeable displacement in the pointing direction can be observed during the eclipse transitions.
Research limitations/implications
This work only examines an LEO mission where the solar cells of the solar panels point to the Sun throughout the daylight period and point to the Earth while in shadow. Simplification is made to the CubeSat structure and some parameters in the space environment.
Practical implications
The results from this work reveal several practical applications worthy of simplifying the study of TID on satellite appendages.
Originality/value
This work presents a computational method that fully uses finite element software to analyze TID phenomenon that can occur in LEO on a CubeSat which has commonly used deployable solar panels structure.
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Gutembert Nganpet Nzeugaing and Elmarie Biermann
Research and application on the design, implementation and testing of an image compression system for a 3U CubeSat.
Abstract
Purpose
Research and application on the design, implementation and testing of an image compression system for a 3U CubeSat.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper is an intensive study on image compression technique, proposed design and approach on appropriate hardware for image compression on-board the CubeSats.
Findings
The paper reveals a method on improving image compression ration while maintaining the image quality unchanged. It also discusses about an appropriate hardware (world smallest super computer) for image compression on-board the CubeSats.
Originality/value
The study provides insight into image compression algorithm.
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Ayokunle Oluwaseun Ayeleso and Robert R. van Zyl
In the Earth’s upper atmosphere, damage to satellite electronics is caused by exposure to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. One particular region where this type of radiation…
Abstract
Purpose
In the Earth’s upper atmosphere, damage to satellite electronics is caused by exposure to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. One particular region where this type of radiation occurs is the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly region. As a result, there is a need to design and develop a sensor which could be used to investigate the flux and energy levels of radiation in this region. To do so, the aim of this study is to characterise the sensor and its electric response to typical EUV radiation levels based on the photoelectric effect principle.
Design/methodology/approach
For this purpose, a copper plate planar sensor prototype with dimensions that fit on the sides of a one-unit (1U) CubeSat was constructed. The sensor prototype was placed in a vacuum chamber and was subjected to continuous radiation from a vacuum ultraviolet deuterium light source at test facilities available in the Western Cape region (South Africa). Subsequently, the terminal voltage of the sensor was measured and compared with theory.
Findings
The measured time-averaged terminal voltages indicate the generation of photocurrents of the order of 1 μA, which is consistent with theory.
Originality/value
Conclusively, these results validate the measurement approach and operation of the sensor, which can be used to design a 1U CubeSat sensor that measures EUV radiation in low Earth orbit.
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Recent advances in nano and picosatellite missions and future such missions require three axis attitude control system hardware for attitude control purposes. A simple, cost…
Abstract
Purpose
Recent advances in nano and picosatellite missions and future such missions require three axis attitude control system hardware for attitude control purposes. A simple, cost effective, yet an efficient devise that is used for active attitude control is magnetic torquer coil. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and fabrication of a template to manufacture magnetic torquer coils of varying sizes and shapes.
Design/methodology/approach
Details about the development of the template design, analysis, and fabrication are discussed. The development status of the system is outlined and the working prototype of the device is described and some preliminary test results are given.
Findings
A fully functional prototype of the template has been developed and testing has been conducted that demonstrated the effectiveness of the device. Magnetic torquer coils of varying sizes were fabricated and tested. A finite element analysis was performed by modeling the characteristics of the fabricated coils to determine thermally induced stresses and deformations during its space operations.
Practical implications
The paper illustrates and demonstrates an effective application of torquer coil template in the satellite fabrication industry. The benefits from the approach are generally applicable to any future university and industry missions using picosatellite technology.
Originality/value
The designed template satisfied all the constraints and requirements. Furthermore, its advantages include scalability, modularity, and its capability to fabricate magnetic torquer coils of varying sizes and shapes.
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Keywords
Alternative energy sources and power generation techniques for long‐term space missions are gaining importance in recent years for future bases and colonies on the Moon or Mars…
Abstract
Purpose
Alternative energy sources and power generation techniques for long‐term space missions are gaining importance in recent years for future bases and colonies on the Moon or Mars. Current technologies used for manned or unmanned missions to the Moon or Mars use either solar panels (bulky, expensive/kilogram to space, and inefficient) or nuclear energy (extremely dangerous and unpopular). Enzyme based bio fuel cells can be used as alternative energy sources, but its survival depends on maintaining appropriate temperature and pressure in space. The purpose of this paper is to detail the concept design and development of a payload tank to house bio fuel cells for operations in space environment.
Design/methodology/approach
Details about the development of the design methodology for such housing are discussed. A full‐scale payload tank is designed to house a small biological fuel cell using space grade materials. Requirements analysis, design, validation, and manufacturing process are covered.
Findings
The outcome is a dimensionally optimized housing structure for housing biological fuel cells and maintaining the temperature and pressure for survival of the fuel cell.
Originality/value
The designed payload housing satisfies all the constraints and requirements. Furthermore, its advantages include scalability and modularity by virtue of using optimized design approach. The final product provides a planned procedure for designing larger housing for other missions.
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Takaya Inamori, Nobutada Sako and Shinichi Nakasuka
This paper aims to present an attitude determination and control system for a nano‐astrometry satellite which requires precise angular rate control. Focus of the research is…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to present an attitude determination and control system for a nano‐astrometry satellite which requires precise angular rate control. Focus of the research is methods to achieve the requirement.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to obtain astrometry data, the satellite attitude should be controlled to an accuracy of 0.05°. Furthermore, attitude spin rate must be controlled to an accuracy of 4×10−7 rad/s during observation. In this paper the following unique ideas to achieve these requirements are introduced: magnetic disturbance compensation and rate estimation using star blurred images.
Findings
This paper presents the feasibility of a high accurate attitude control system in nano‐ and micro‐satellite missions.
Practical implications
This paper presents a possibility of the application of nano‐satellites to remote‐sensing and astronomy mission, which requires accurate attitude control.
Originality/value
Originalities of the paper are the methods to achieve the high accurate attitude control: magnetic disturbance compensation and angular rate estimation using star images.
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Keywords
Nicole Gomes Dias, Beltran Nadal Arribas, Paulo Gordo, Tiago Sousa, João Marinho, Rui Melicio, António Amorim and Patrick Michel
This paper aims to report the first iteration on the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Engineering Model altimeter named HELENA. HELENA is a Time of Flight (TOF) altimeter that…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to report the first iteration on the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Engineering Model altimeter named HELENA. HELENA is a Time of Flight (TOF) altimeter that provides time-tagged distances and velocity measurements. The LIDAR can be used for support near asteroid navigation and provides scientific information. The HELENA design comprises two types of technologies: a microchip laser and low noise sensor. The synergies between these two technologies enable developing a compact instrument for range measurements of up to 14 km. Thermal-mechanical and radiometric simulations of the HELENA telescope are reported in this paper. The design is subjected to vibrational, static and thermal conditions, and it was possible to conclude by the results that the telescope is compliant with the random vibration levels, the static load and the operating temperatures.
Design/methodology/approach
The Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) is a collaboration between the NASA DART mission and ESA Hera mission. The aim scope is to study the asteroid deflection through a kinetic collision. DART spacecraft will collide with Didymos-B, while ground stations monitor the orbit change. HERA spacecraft will study the post-impact scenario. The HERA spacecraft is composed by a main spacecraft and two small CubeSats. HERA will monitor the asteroid through cameras, radar, satellite-to-satellite doppler tracking, LIDAR, seismometry and gravimetry.
Findings
The HELENA design comprises two types of technologies: a microchip laser and low noise sensor. The synergies between these two technologies enable developing a compact instrument for range measurements of up to 14 km.
Originality/value
In this paper is reported the first iteration on the LIDAR Engineering Model altimeter named HELENA. HELENA is a TOF altimeter that provides time-tagged distances and velocity measurements. The LIDAR can be used for support near asteroid navigation and provides scientific information. The HELENA design comprises two types of technologies: a microchip laser and low noise sensor. The synergies between these two technologies enable developing a compact instrument for range measurements of up to 14 km.
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Kashif Ishfaq, Muhammad Asad, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Mirza Abdullah and Catalin Pruncu
The purpose of this study is to explore the applications of 3D printing in space sectors. The authors have highlighted the potential research gap that can be explored in the…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore the applications of 3D printing in space sectors. The authors have highlighted the potential research gap that can be explored in the current field of study. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique that uses metallic powder, ceramic or polymers to build simple/complex parts. The parts produced possess good strength, low weight and excellent mechanical properties and are cost-effective. Therefore, efforts have been made to make the adoption of 3D printing successful in space so that complex parts can be manufactured in space. This saves a considerable amount of both time and carrying cost. Thereof the challenges and opportunities that the space sector holds for additive manufacturing is worth reviewing to provide a better insight into further developments and prospects for this technology.
Design/methodology/approach
The potentiality of 3D printing for the manufacturing of various components under space conditions has been explained. Here, the authors have reviewed the details of manufactured parts used for zero-gravity missions, subjected to onboard international space station conditions and with those manufactured on earth. Followed by the major opportunities in 3D printing in space which include component repair, material characterization, process improvement and process development along with the new designs. The challenges like space conditions, availability of power in space, the infrastructure requirements and the quality control or testing of the items that are being built in space are explained along with their possible mitigation strategies.
Findings
These components are well comparable with those prepared on earth which enables a massive cost saving. Other than the onboard manufacturing process, numerous other components as well as a complete robot/satellite for outer space applications were manufactured by additive manufacturing. Moreover, these components can be recycled onboard to produce feedstock for the next materials. The parts produced in space are bought back and compared with those built on earth. There is a difference in their nature, i.e. the flight specimen showed a brittle nature, and the ground specimen showed a denser nature.
Originality/value
This review discusses the advancements of 3D printing in space and provides numerous examples of the applications of 3D printing in space and space applications. This paper is solely dedicated to 3D printing in space. It provides a breakthrough in the literature as a limited amount of literature is available on this topic. This paper aims at highlighting all the challenges that additive manufacturing faces in the space sector and also the future opportunities that await development.
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