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This article critically examines the current state of knowledge regarding older people and crime and suggests that there are a number of gaps. In particular, the fear of crime paradox, in which older people are seen as disproportionately concerned about the possibility of becoming a victim, has drawn attention away from much more important issues. The article suggests too that there appears to be confusion in the use of the terms ‘older people’ and ‘crime’, so that very different age groups are treated as one, homogenous grouping. Furthermore, by emphasising age as the most important factor in impacting upon fear of crime other important factors, such as income and gender, are overshadowed. If these are highlighted then the issue of the paradox of older people's fear of crime becomes less important and what emerges is that fear of crime is related to other factors that are a genuine reflection of risk. The article also explores newer, more radical theoretical insights and suggests that they may point policy in a different direction from the current ones.

The purpose of this paper is to philosophically address the issue of managerial opportunism and to describe the paradox of the opportunistic executive, particularly when the CEO could be considered as a “criminal-to-be”.

It will be seen to what extent governance mechanisms really contribute to prevent managerial opportunism, particularly through compensation packages (“financial carrots”). Then, Oliver E. Williamson’s viewpoint will be analyzed on opportunism, as his theory has largely influenced the way agency theories actually define managerial opportunism. Williamson was thinking opportunism without referring to philosophical works. The gap in exploring three basic types of opportunism will be filled: the Smithian egoist, the Hobbesian egoist and the Machiavellian egoist.

The Smithian egoist tries to reach an equilibrium between self-interest and compassion, while the Hobbesian egoist is motivated by self-interest, desire of power and the attitude of prudence. The Machiavellian egoist is always searching for power and makes followers’ fear arising. The way governance mechanisms and structures should be designed and implemented could be quite different if the CEO actually behaves as a Smithian, Hobbesian or Machiavellian egoist. CEO’s propensity to commit financial crime could largely vary from one type to another: low risk (Smithian egoist), medium risk (Hobbesian egoist) or high risk (Machiavellian egoist).

Smith’s, Hobbes’ and Machiavelli’s philosophy was chosen because the agency theory sometimes refers to it, when defining the notion of opportunism. Other philosophies could also be analyzed to see to what extent they are opening the door to opportunism (for example, Spinoza).

The paper analyzes managerial opportunism from a philosophical viewpoint. Whether executives are Smithian, Hobbesian or Machiavellian egoists, their opportunism cannot give birth to similar behaviors.

This paper aims to demonstrate how building competency in privacy can be used to transform the corporate strategy to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. A novel framework is presented as a guide to redesigning strategy by striking a balance between customer expectation and organizational objectives. In doing so, the paper offers four possible outcomes of accommodation, accumulation, association and affiliation, providing illustrations to each scenario for strategy formulation.

The relationship between privacy paradox and corporate strategy was examined through a qualitative research study. The author conducted 30 in-depth interviews on grounded theory methodology investigating customer insights on the nature and extent of privacy protection associated with e-commerce and organizational approach.

The customers are dissatisfied with existing data security strategies adopted by firms in protecting privacy. The over-reliance on systems has negatively influenced the communication between the organization and customers, leading to a possible competitive disadvantage. The firms need to redesign privacy strategy shifting from a system-driven approach to providing personalized service.

This paper presents a novel framework the privacy strategy matrix (PSM), introducing privacy as a strategic expedient in transforming corporate strategy facilitating privacy protection as a metaphor for differentiation. PSM framework provides a standard to evaluate the effectiveness of the corporate strategy in managing privacy manifesting a path toward deriving a sustainable competitive advantage.

When elder abuse first surfaced as a social problem, the response to the problem was grounded in the belief that the victims would be best served with as little criminal justice involvement as possible. This changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s when elder abuse was criminalized by politicians, and police were expected to treat the problem as a crime problem despite the fact that very little research had considered the best law enforcement response to elder abuse. In this research, we surveyed 119 police chiefs to see how their departments handled allegations of abuse. We also address the problems they confront in elder abuse cases and the special programs and policies they have implemented to deal with the victimization of elderly persons. Results show that traditional criminal justice techniques are followed for the most part, and only about a third of the departments implemented special elder abuse programs. Also, they confront numerous problems that are common when police are expected to enforce new laws.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of mate crime and attempts to assess its practical as well as its theoretical implications.

It begins with an account of the short history of the concept and then positions mate crime within academic theorising around general hate crime and disability.

Particular reference is made to the significance of the issue of vulnerability and how its interpretation might affect understanding of this phenomenon.

This is followed by some observations on how agencies of social policy and the legislature are responding to the issue of mate crime.

Particular reference is paid to the impact of safeguarding adults procedures.

It concludes that, although “mates” can (and do) “hate”, further research is required on the subject in order to gain better knowledge of the issue from both a theoretical and a practice position.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the local dimensions of the “crime decline”.

Two focus groups and 15 semi-structured interviews with local practitioners.

Some offences have fallen significantly in the case study site in the last ten to 12 years. Local practitioners tended to explain these declines with reference to local services and programmes. These declines have potentially contributed to the reduction in crime prevention infrastructure and there is concern that funding will be reduced as crime falls.

The findings have been generated from a single case study site. While aspects of the findings resonate beyond the case study area, there are some characteristics of the site that limit the application of the findings to other areas.

The findings from this research have few practical implications. The research sought to understand dimensions of local crime and the impact on local activities.

This research provides some insights into crime trends and local responses to crime. The findings will be of interest to crime prevention and community safety practitioners and policy makers.

There has been little analysis of the impact of the “crime decline” on local communities and community safety infrastructure. Therefore this paper is original and adds to the growing knowledge of the “crime decline”.

Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those working in sex crime units. Although cynicism, both its sources and affects, is widely studied among scholars of work and policing, little is known about how police working in sex crime units experience, mitigate and express cynicism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in understanding and explore the role of cynicism amongst investigators working in sex crime units.

To address this research gap, the authors conducted 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus groups with members of police services organizations across Canada working in sex crime units.

Examining sources of cynicism and emotional experiences, the authors reveal that officers in these units normalize and neutralize organizational and intra-organizational sources of cynicism, and cope with the potentially traumatizing and emotionally draining realities of undertaking this form of “dirty work.” The authors show that officer cynicism extends beyond offenders into organizational and operational aspects of their occupations and their lived experiences outside of work, which has implications for literature on police work, cynicism and digital policing.

The authors contribute to the literature on cyber policing by, first, examining sex crimes unit member’s sources of cynicism in relation to sex crimes and the digital world and, second, by exploring sources of cynicism in police organizations and other branches in the criminal justice system. The authors examine how such cynicism seeps into relationships outside of the occupation. The authors’ contribution is in showing that cynicism related to police dirty work is experienced in relation to “front” and “back” regions (Dick, 2005) but also in multiple organizational and social spheres. The authors contribute to the extant literature on dirty work insofar as it addresses the underexplored dirty work associated with policing cyber environments and the morally tainted elements of such policing tasks.

The lack of legal framework on corporate criminal liability (CCL) in Mauritius is a matter of concern with the growing number of corporate crimes. The purpose of the paper is therefore to provide a critical overview of the existing framework on CCL in Mauritius with the aim of underlining its deficiencies and lacunas. As a consequence, an attempt is made to compare the Mauritian model with the French one, so that salient features and characteristics of the French model of CCL can be borrowed into the Mauritian legal framework.

This paper adopts the black-letter approach and the comparative research methodology. The legislative framework of Mauritius on CCL will be compared to the related laws of France with the goal of drawing lessons and inspirations for Mauritius, given that the French model of CCL is well established and highly effective.

The mandatory application of the identification principle in CCL, inspired from the British common law, is a serious impediment towards successful criminal prosecution of companies responsible for criminal offences. In addition, the lack of clear legal provisions on substantive and procedural aspects of CCL is a matter of concern and demonstrates the dire need for legal amendments and action from the legislator as the paper discusses.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper will be among the very first one tackling this area of law from a comparative perspective. The issue of CCL has indeed receive very little academic attention and this paper will help in filling the literature gap on this matter. It will also help future research on the matter for students, academics and corporate law practitioners.

This paper seeks to assess the fitness for purpose of state regulation of police powers in England and Wales given the increasing “civilianisation” of policing. Specifically, it seeks to evaluate how well the law regulates the main powers of the Police Community Support Officer (PCSO). The initial phase of public consultation on general police powers was completed in May 2007.

An analytical approach has been taken to the current statutory provisions to assess their suitability for the PCSO. A social constructivist line has been taken with respect to that role and how the powers impact on its wider perception. The points are illustrated with reference to the developmental path and history of the role. This paper recommends addressing the PCSO “powers question” with a simple solution, which better serves the PCSO in practice: the greater use of the concept of “citizens” arrest'. The primary benefit is that clarity would be added to an ill‐defined role. Comparisons are made with jurisdictions such as The Netherlands and USA to underscore the points made.

There may be lacuna in the legislative provisions, as they do not appear to cover the actions of a PCSO without a purposive interpretation of the law. A further layer of legislation may be counterproductive.

Legislators are urged to encourage the full utilisation of existing civilian powers before rushing to create further rules on the powers of auxiliaries like PCSOs.

There is considerable literature on the powers of the police. Less evident is commentary on how well the legislative framework actually serves public auxiliaries like the PCSO.