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The purpose of this paper is to test the assertion that the relationship between corporation performance and organizational complexity follows an inverted U-shape curve, and a corporation gains the best performance when its organizational complexity fits its environmental complexity.

This research did not directly measure environmental complexity to verify the relationship between corporation performance and complex environment, but measured organizational complexity to subtly display the effect of the organizational complexity on the corporation performance while controlled the environmental complexity. To do so, a set of corporations that shared the similar environment was selected, and then these corporations’ performance and organizational complexity were calculated, the related hypotheses were tested empirically.

The paper proved the inverted U-shape relationship between organizational complexity and corporation performance, and also found that different corporation chooses different complex adaptive way, so the inverted U-shape relationship displays hierarchy.

Future research should search out to calculate corporation’s environment complexity the fitness of organizational complexity for testing hypotheses.

The regularity of relationship between organizational complexity and corporation performance is helpful for managers to understand that a way to improve a corporation’s performance is to enhance the fitness of organizational complexity and environmental complexity.

Organizational complexity may be competitive advantage, but excessive growth of it will be harmful.

Usually organizational complexity is thought of as a negative factor to corporation performance and tends to be constrained, but this research explored the role of organizational complexity to corporation performance and the findings helps managers to understand when to enhance organizational complexity and when to weaken it. The methodology of calculating the fitness of organizational complexity and environmental complexity by fixing environment is a contribution to complexity theory research.

The National Research Development Corporation is a public Corporation set up by the Board of Trade under the Development of Inventions Act, 1948. This Act has now been amended by the Development of Inventions Act, 1954, which has somewhat broadened the Corporation's functions. The Acts are permissive; the Corporation is free to operate as it thinks fit in order to carry out its functions, subject in certain circumstances to directions from the Board of Trade, and in some cases to approval of the Board of Trade and the Lord President of the Council. It has no compulsory powers of any kind. Its function is essentially to develop and exploit, in the public interest, inventions resulting from public research; that is to say, research carried out by Government Departments and other public bodies, or any other research in respect of which financial assistance has been provided out of public funds. The Corporation may also consider inventions submitted to it from other sources, for example, private inventors, but, in general, the Corporation is likely to concern itself with private inventions only in cases where the invention is of primary importance to the public interest. The finance required for its operation is provided by the Treasury in the form of loans, the outstanding amount of which must not exceed £5 million at any one time.

Analyzes the directors’ protocols in both the New York Not for Profit Corporation Law and in the New York Business Corporation Law. Examines the similarities and differences existing in the directors’ roles in not for profit corporations and in business corporations. Highlights the legal responsibilities of a not for profit corporation director and warns that, despite such an assignment being voluntary and without compensation, it carries the potential for significant legal exposure if certain formalities are not kept.

In Japanese corporations, the backgrounds of corporate accountants do not necessarily match their university majors. Under the lifetime employment system, accountants are rotated to other departments every five to ten years. Those who are rotated to the accounting department do not necessarily arrive with sufficient accounting knowledge. In addition to receiving on‐the‐job training, corporate accountants generally attend training courses offered by outside Institutions and get new knowledge to be used in practice. Some corporations belong to specific study groups, which meet periodically. The latter groups provide opportunities for establishing informal human relations with government officials and accountants of other corporations. Training is offered to newcomers, candidates for promotion, salespersons and management staff in the fields of financial analysis, cost management and accounting in general. Sometimes, the training lasts for several days in a training facility of the corporation. It is thought useful not only for utilizing the knowledge required, but for furthering relationships within the organization, as well as for the evaluation of employees through their attitudes about participation. It reflects the policy of long‐range performance evaluation. Employees are evaluated not only by sales volume, but also by their loyalty to the corporation and their contribution to the team effort.

To explain the Securities anld Futures Commission of Hong Kong’s new FAQs on external electronic data storage.

The article analyses the existing legal and regulatory requirements relating to the keeping of records as well as the circular and FAQs on the use of external electronic data storage. It also discusses the practical implications of the newly added FAQs.

The SFC has relaxed the requirement as regards the appointment of two Managers-In-Charge in Hong Kong for the purposes of the circular on the use of external electronic data storage. The SFC has offered more flexibility with respect to the undertaking by electronic data storage providers in the FAQs. The FAQs have also provided more certainty with respect to the approval requirements pursuant to section 130 of the SFO where non-Hong Kong affiliates are concerned.

The additional guidance from the SFC regarding external electronic data storage in the form of the new FAQs shows a helpful clarification in the SFC’s approach on the practical implementation of the relevant requirements under the circular on the use of external electronic data storage.

The article offers practical guidance in respect of the implications of the newly added FAQs on the external electronic data storage regime from experienced financial services and asset management lawyers.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze training programs for transnational corporations, educational services market, and society.

The paper consists of three components: determination of the role and meaning of training programs of transnational corporations in the system of formation of private educational resources, conduct of analysis of effectiveness of training programs of transnational corporations, and compilation of recommendations for increase of effectiveness of training programs of transnational corporations. The main method of the research is correlation analysis.

As a result of the research, the authors have come to the conclusion that training programs of transnational corporations are the foundation for the formation of private educational resources and provide significant advantages for transnational corporations, educational services market, and society on the whole.

The practical value of the work consists in the development of practical recommendations for increase of effectiveness of training programs of transnational corporations which could be used by them in practical activities.

The performed research contributes to the development of the concept of human resources, the concept of post-industrial economy, and the concept of transnational business, which causes its high theoretical significance.

In the “shareholder primacy” (SP) view of the modern corporation, shareholders are endowed with ownership rights over the corporation. This view stems from the property rights and agency theories of the business firm formulated by financial and business economists in the 1970s and 1980s, which subsequently fed into US corporate law debates. It relies on positive legal assumptions that have largely been debunked by legal scholars, and on normative economic ideas that are equally problematic. However, SP is still very influential – if not the dominant paradigm of corporate governance, especially in the United States. The goal of the present study is to come back to the theoretical debates around the foundations of the SP paradigm to seek to identify key ideational properties that may explain, in part, the resilience of such paradigm in policy, scholarship and business practice. In particular, this paper proposes that one important reason for the persistence of the SP ideology lies in the latter’s foundation on the radically contingent nature of shareholders’ claims over the corporation.

A large and growing literature examines the explicit social responsibility practices of companies. Yet corporations’ greatest consequences for social welfare arguably occur through indirect processes that shape the social fabric that sustains generosity and mutual support within communities. Based on this logic, we theorize and test a model that suggests two pathways by which large corporations affect community philanthropy: (1) through direct engagement in community philanthropy and (2) by indirectly influencing the efficacy of community social capital, defined as the relationships among community members that facilitate social support and maintenance of social welfare. Our analysis of United Way contributions in 136 US cities over the 46 years from 1952 to 1997 supports our model. We find that the presence of corporations weakens the contributions of both elite and working-class social capital on community philanthropy. Our findings thus contribute to a novel view of corporate social responsibility based on how corporations influence the social capital of the communities in which they are embedded.

We argue for major re-orientation when applying a neo-institutional perspective within the domain of international business (IB), and in research on the multinational corporation (MNC), in particular. On the one hand, we suggest re-conceptualizing MNCs as globally oriented organizations that nonetheless remain firmly anchored in local cultural settings. On the other hand, it seems crucial for institutionalist IB literature to engage more thoroughly with the core underlying assumptions, theoretical constructs, and recent extensions of neo-institutional theory. We present an overview and systematic evaluation of the current state of institutional approaches toward the MNC, and contrast it with research foci that will emerge from a phenomenological-institutional analysis.