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Article
Publication date: 2 September 2021

Vignesh Kumar Murugesan, Aravindh Kumar Suseela Moorthi and Ganapathy Subramanian L. Ramachandran

The purpose of this study is to understand experimentally the mixing characteristics of a two-stream exhaust system with a supersonic Mach 1.5 primary jet that exits the…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand experimentally the mixing characteristics of a two-stream exhaust system with a supersonic Mach 1.5 primary jet that exits the rectangular C-D nozzle surrounded by a sonic secondary jet from a convergent rectangular nozzle by varying the aspect ratio (AR = 2 and 3) similar to those that can be available for future high-speed commercial aircraft.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper focuses on the experimental results of effects of AR at various expansion levels of jets issued/delivered from a central rectangular convergent-divergent nozzle of AR 2 and 3 surrounded by a coflow from a convergent rectangular sonic nozzle. The lip thickness of the primary nozzle is 2.2 mm. various nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs) ranging from 2, 3, 3.69 and 4 were chosen for pressure measurements.

Findings

For all the NPRs, AR 3 had a shorter core than AR 2. Also, AR 3 was found to decay faster in the transition and fully developed zones. The lateral plots show that the AR has an influence on the jet spread.

Originality/value

The structure of waves existing in the potential core of the rectangular coflow jet along with the major and minor axis planes was visualized by the shadowgraph technique.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 94 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1748-8842

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 October 1958

Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States…

Abstract

Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 30 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 25 June 2019

Gus Nasif, R.M. Barron, Ram Balachandar and Julio Villafuerte

Application of cold spray technology may exhibit significant benefits for the additive manufacturing process, particularly for producing intricate objects. To ascertain the…

226

Abstract

Purpose

Application of cold spray technology may exhibit significant benefits for the additive manufacturing process, particularly for producing intricate objects. To ascertain the feasibility of such an application, this paper aims to present a numerical investigation of the effect of scaling down a convergent-divergent (de Laval) nozzle, which is typically used in the cold spray industry, on the compressible flow parameters and thermal characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

The Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation governing compressible flow are numerically solved using a finite volume method with a coupled solver. The conjugate heat transfer technique is used to couple fluid and solid heat transfer domains and predict the local heat transfer coefficient between the solid and fluid. The use of various RANS turbulence models has also been investigated to quantify the effect of the turbulence model on the simulation.

Findings

The numerical results reveal that the flow and thermal characteristics are altered as the convergent-divergent nozzle is scaled down. The static pressure and temperature profiles at any section in the nozzle are shifted toward higher values, while the Mach number profile at any section in the nozzle is shifted toward a lower Mach number. The turbulent kinetic energy at the nozzle exit increases with the scaling down of the nozzle geometry. This study also provides convincing evidence that the adiabatic approach is still suitable even though the temperature of the nozzle wall is extremely high, as required for industrial application. Results indicate that it is feasible to use the available capabilities of the cold spray technology for additive manufacturing after scaling down the nozzle.

Originality/value

The idea of adopting cold spray technology for additive manufacturing is new and innovative. To develop this idea into a viable commercial product, a thorough understanding of the flow physics within a cold spray nozzle is required. The simulation results discussed in this paper demonstrate the effect that scaling down of a convergent-divergent nozzle has on the flow characteristics in the nozzle.

Details

International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 29 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 19 April 2023

V.M. Jyothy and G. Jims John Wessley

In this study, 2D density-based SST K-turbulence model with compressibility effect is used to observe the flow separation and shock wave interactions of the flow. The wall static…

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, 2D density-based SST K-turbulence model with compressibility effect is used to observe the flow separation and shock wave interactions of the flow. The wall static pressure and Mach number differences are also evaluated. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned objectives

Design/methodology/approach

This study outlines the evaluation of the performance of a 2D convergent–divergent nozzle with various triangular jet tab configurations that can be used for effective thrust vectoring of aerial vehicles.

Findings

From the study, it is seen that the shadow effect induced by the tab with a height of 30% produces higher oblique wave deflection and higher thrust deflection at the exit nozzle. The numerical calculation concluded that thrust vector efficiency of 30% jet tab is, 0.46%. In the case of 10% jet tab height the thrust vector efficiency is higher, i.e. 1.647%.

Research limitations/implications

2D study.

Practical implications

The optimization will open up a new focus in TVC that can be implemented for effective attitude control in aircrafts.

Social implications

Used in future aircrafts.

Originality/value

The influence of shadowing ratio with different tab heights at different Mach numbers has not been reported in the previous studies. Few of the studies on jet tab are focused on the acoustic studies and not pertaining to the aerodynamic aspects. The multi jet configuration, the combination of location, shapes and other parametric analysis have not been covered in the previous studied.

Details

International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems, vol. 12 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2049-6427

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 5 July 2011

Elham Mohammadi and Alireza Toloei

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the flowfield structure and performance of dual secondary injection system for thrust vectoring in a convergent‐divergent nozzle and to…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the flowfield structure and performance of dual secondary injection system for thrust vectoring in a convergent‐divergent nozzle and to compare it with a single secondary injection system.

Design/methodology/approach

Dual secondary injection for thrust vectoring in a convergent‐divergent nozzle is studied by solving three‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations by the means of Fluent. Realizable k‐ε turbulent model with enhanced wall‐treatment approach is used for viscous model. Density‐based solver and explicit scheme are employed in the computational model. In order to study the effect of injection location on the flowfield, distance between ports is considered as the key variable.

Findings

Results show that under some circumstances, dual secondary injection system is more effective than a single injection system with the same mass flow rate. The study shows that when the distance between two ports is 8.5 times of the injection port's diameter (or more) and in the same time the first injection port is at least 1 throat diameter far from the nozzle throat, this system will show a better performance. In addition, this system reduces the probability of bow shock impingement to the opposite wall and consequently, the side force production has less limitation.

Practical implications

Dual secondary injection for thrust vector control (SITVC) needs less secondary flow and therefore it makes less reduction in the primary thrust. It means that for a specific primary thrust, less mass fuel is needed which makes it more economic regarding the traditional SITVC systems.

Originality/value

The paper's value lies in using a three‐dimensional model to study the effect of two ports distance on SITVC performance and comparison among the performance of dual and single injections when there is an impingement.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 83 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 February 1969

An exposition of the need of supersonic aircraft to have a variable geometry intake and a fully variable convergent‐divergent nozzle for optimum performance. POWERPLANTS for…

Abstract

An exposition of the need of supersonic aircraft to have a variable geometry intake and a fully variable convergent‐divergent nozzle for optimum performance. POWERPLANTS for supersonic aircraft bear only a superficial resemblance to the propulsive units of their subsonic counterparts. A typical subsonic turbojet powerplant consists of a high compression engine with a short fixed intake, and, possibly, a variable convergent nozzle. The supersonic aircraft on the other hand requires a powerplant with a sophisticated variable geometry intake having its own automatic control system and a fully variable convergent‐divergent nozzle in order to extract the full performance throughout the speed range from the slightly lower pressure ratio engine.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 41 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 15 July 2022

Harish Soundararajan and Sridhar B.T.N.

This study aims to numerically study the three-dimensional (3D) flow field characteristics in a conical convergent divergent (CD) nozzle with an internal strut system to describe…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to numerically study the three-dimensional (3D) flow field characteristics in a conical convergent divergent (CD) nozzle with an internal strut system to describe the effect of struts on producing a side force for thrust vectoring applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Struts are solid bodies. When inserted into the supersonic region of the axisymmetric CD nozzle, it induces a shock wave that causes an asymmetric pressure distribution predominantly over the internal surface of the diverging wall of the C-D nozzle, creating a net side force similar to the secondary injection thrust vectoring control method. Numerical simulations were performed by solving Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations with re-normalized group k–ϵ turbulence model. Cylindrical struts of various heights positioned at different locations in the divergent section of the nozzle were investigated at a nozzle pressure of 6.61.

Findings

Thrust vectoring angle of approximately 3.8 degrees was obtained using a single cylindrical strut with a dimensionless thrust (%) and total pressure loss of less than 2.36% and 2.67, respectively. It was shown that the thrust deflection direction could also be changed by changing the strut insertion location. A strut located at half of the diverging length produced a higher deflection per unit total pressure loss.

Practical implications

Using a lightweight and high-temperature resistant material, such as a strut, strut insertion-based thrust vectoring control might provide an alternative thrust vectoring method in applications where a longer period of control is needed with a reduced overall system weight.

Originality/value

This study describes the 3D flow field characteristics which result in side force generation by a supersonic nozzle with an internal strut.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 95 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1748-8842

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 October 1951

DEAR SIR, It is doubtful whether great practical importance can be attached to the precise location of the sonic section in a de Laval nozzle with friction present, under the

Abstract

DEAR SIR, It is doubtful whether great practical importance can be attached to the precise location of the sonic section in a de Laval nozzle with friction present, under the assumptions of the one‐dimensional theory of flow. The truth of the matter, however, is that the equations of this approximation do lead to the conclusion that the condition of M 1, where M is the Mach number, prevails in the throat of a convergent‐divergent nozzle only in the limiting case of no friction, contrary to Mr Spalding's assertion in the August issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING. It can occur in a section for which dA/dx 0 only if that section is at the exit of a convergent nozzle.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 23 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 1 October 1955

W. Gordon Watson

THE problem of the expansion of a compressible fluid with friction and heat flow is one of great complexity. In this treatment it has been simplified to a one‐dimensional problem…

Abstract

THE problem of the expansion of a compressible fluid with friction and heat flow is one of great complexity. In this treatment it has been simplified to a one‐dimensional problem and the resulting relationships are thermodynamic. An expansion of this type cannot be described as reversible due to the presence of friction, and from this aspect the analysis may be suspect. However, any practical process is irreversible and it is common practice to apply to such processes an analysis which is theoretically confined to changes which occur reversibly. Thus, although the degree of irreversibility may be greater than usual in this case, there are many precedents for allowing the use of reversible thermodynamics in the analysis of irreversible changes. The relations for the expansion are well known, but the writer believes the analysis and discussion on the choking conditions of a nozzle are more general than anything yet published.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 27 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 1 June 1953

J. Kestin and S.K. Zaremba

The paper discusses the types of singular points occurring in the first‐order ordinary differential equation which describes compressible viscous flow in a channel or stream tube…

Abstract

The paper discusses the types of singular points occurring in the first‐order ordinary differential equation which describes compressible viscous flow in a channel or stream tube of varying cross‐sectional area. The treatment is one‐dimensional, viscosity being allowed for by assuming a tangential stress acting on the circumference. The resulting patterns of the integral curves arc examined. It is shown that for convergent‐divergent channels whose profile has no point of inflexion, the singular point is a saddle point, as is the case in frictionlcss flow. However, the sonic section or the section of highest or lowest Mach number do not coincide with the throat but arc situated downstream of it in the divergent portion. The slopes of the integral curves which pass through the sonic section arc evaluated. When the convergent‐divergent channel has a point of inflexion in its profile there may be two singular points, the first being a saddle point and the second cither a spiral point or a nodal point. It is shown that spiral points are more likely to occur than nodal points and that, when they occur, there is no radical change in the Mach number variation along the channel due to friction. On the other hand, the existence of a nodal point admits the possibility of a continuous transition from supersonic to subsonic How in which the Mach number at exit may vary within certain limits, the Mach number in the second sonic section remaining always equal to unity. In all types of flow there arc portions of the channel over which the influence of friction outweighs that of area change.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 25 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

1 – 10 of 103