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The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate an integrated computer abuse model that incorporates both organizational abuse settings and the psychological processes of the abuser.

The paper developed an emote opportunity (EO) model through a comprehensive literature review and conducted a case study to evaluate the explanatory and prescriptive usefulness of the model.

The EO model helps explain the interaction between organization-centric factors and individual-centric factors. It also helps explain how potential computer abusers elicit an emotion process component that ultimately contributes to computer abuse behaviors. The model connects both organizational external regulation processes and individual internal regulation processes to emote process components of potential abusers.

The study considers only organizational computing resources as the target of computer abuse. The model is evaluated by historical data from a computer abuse case. Future research with contemporary empirical data would further evaluate these findings. Organizations should be aware of the opportunities they create for abuse and the emotional state-of-mind of potential abusers within organizations.

Organizations should take a holistic approach that incorporates personal emotions and organizational abuse opportunity settings to prevent computer abuse.

A multilevel, integrated EO model incorporating organizational environment and individual emotion processes provides an elaborated and holistic understanding of computer abuse. The model helps organizations consider the emotional state-of-mind of abusers as well as their organizational situation.

We examine the evolution of vertical specialization in three industries: chemicals, computers, and semiconductors. Vertical specialization is the restructuring of industry-wide value chains, such that different stages are controlled by different firms, rather than being vertically integrated within the boundaries of individual firms. In some cases, vertical specialization may span international boundaries and is associated with complex international production networks. After decades of vertical specialization, firms in the chemical industry are re-integrating stages of the value chain. By contrast, the semiconductor and computer industries have experienced significant vertical specialization during the past ten years. We examine how and why these contrasting trends in vertical specialization have co-evolved with industry maturation and decline, and underscore the importance and role of both industry factors and business strategies necessary for industries to become more specialized. We also consider the effects of vertical specialization on the sources of innovation and the geographic redistribution of production and other activities. We conclude that the evolution of vertical specialization in these three industries has both reflected and influenced the strategies of leading firms, while also displays industry-specific characteristics that are rooted in different technological and market characteristics.

Understanding when entrants might have an advantage over an industry’s incumbent firms in developing and adopting new technologies is a question which several scholars have explained in terms of technological capabilities or organizational dynamics. This paper proposes that the value network—the context within which a firm competes and solves customers’ problems—is an important factor affecting whether incumbent or entrant firms will most successfully innovate. In a study of technology development in the disk drive industry, the authors found that incumbents led the industry in developing and adopting new technologies of every sort identified by earlier scholars—at component and architectural levels; competency-enhancing and competency-destroying; incremental and radical—as long as the technology addressed customers’ needs within the value network in which the incumbents competed. Entrants led in developing and adopting technologies which addressed user needs in different, emerging value networks. It is in these innovations, which disrupted established trajectories of technological progress in established markets, that attackers proved to have an advantage. The rate of improvement in product performance which technologists provide may exceed the rate of improvement demanded in established markets. This mismatch between trajectories enables firms entering emerging value networks subsequently to attack the industry’s established markets as well.

Computer systems firms in Silicon Valley are responding to rising costs of product development, shorter product cycles and rapid technological change by focusing and building partnerships with suppliers, both within and outside of the region. Well-known firms like Hewlett-Packard and Apple Computers and lesser known ones like Silicon Graphics and Pyramid Technology are organized to combine the components and sub-systems made by specialist suppliers into new computer systems. As these firms collaborate to both define and manufacture new systems, they are institutionalizing their capacity to learn from one another. Three cases - a contract manufacturer, a silicon foundry, and the joint development of a microprocessor - illustrate how inter-firm networks help account for the sustained technological dynamism of the regional economy.

The United States has been experiencing economic change in many ways, particularly in the form of manufacturing competition from Asia. East Asia is emerging as the dominant region of the world for the manufacturing of computers. Most, if not all, major companies in the personal computer (PC) industry have manufacturing facilities in Southeast Asia. These include U.S. firms such as IBM, Apple, Compaq, and Hewlett‐Packard, Taiwanese challengers such as Acer and Mitac, and Japanese firms such as NEC. Still, some PC manufacturing operations remain in the U.S. despite large differences in labor costs, cost of capital, and tax structures. Clearly, the establishment of a production facility is not a simple matter of cheap labor or being close to markets. The decision is a complex one involving many variables. This paper addresses some of these variables, and how PC companies deal with them, in considering manufacturing as an issue in corporate strategy.

In the Poudre School District of Northern Colorado, USA, Fort Collins High School (FCHS) and Fossil Ridge High School (FRHS) have similar square footages, mechanical systems, and architectural capacities. While FRHS (built 2005) is leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED)‐Silver and Energy Star (2009) certified, FCHS (built 1995) is not. Despite the sustainable features of FRHS, the whole‐building electric use intensities (EUIs) were comparable for the schools. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate electricity consumption and use patterns at these schools.

To investigate whole‐building EUI and identify areas of high consumption, the buildings were divided into workspaces for which workspace‐specific EUIs were calculated and compared. Further, workspace EUIs were partitioned into their heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, plug load, food service and residual components for analysis.

Significantly, more electricity is used for lighting and HVAC at FCHS (44.04 and 33.16 per cent of total, respectively) compared to FRHS (36.90 and 29.17 per cent of total, respectively). However, plug load consumption accounted for 24.99 per cent of electric use at FRHS but only 16.35 per cent at FCHS. Component EUI analysis identified high‐wattage lighting at FCHS and high computer density at FRHS as areas for possible efficiency improvements.

Whole‐building EUI values are most useful for comparing energy performance of buildings dedicated to a single use. Workspace‐to‐workspace EUI comparisons offer improved energy performance indicators for facility managers. Component EUI analysis identifies specific consumptive activities which should be targeted for potential reduction in electricity use and expenditure.

Workspace and component EUIs provide for more insight than whole‐building EUI when comparing electric consumption of multi‐use facilities.

The current study demonstrates the value of utilizing qualitative research methods to analyze logistics problems. Specifically, the study utilizes a qualitative methodology to examine the feasibility of designing a reverse logistics system to recycle and/or refurbish end‐of‐life computers that are deemed no longer useful by their owners. The qualitative methodology is a modified version of a customer visit program in which the in‐depth interviews were used to identify the special needs of stakeholders who could potentially participate in the proposed system. The qualitative interviews were structured and implemented using a standardized approach set forth in the literature. The results indicate that this qualitative technique proved valuable in obtaining industry‐sensitive stakeholder data, which allowed the researchers to more thoroughly analyze the feasibility of the proposed reverse logistics system.

Two aspects of space planning worry facilities managers: how to keep track of the space available and how to decide on who goes where. No organisation of any size keeps still for very long. Very few organisations have completely up‐to‐date records of their inevitably changing office building stock. To match changing organisations with changing space has been almost impossible — until the advent of the computer.

The Lan‐Alog Four computer is one of a family of small computers being designed by the staff at Enfield College of Technology, in consultation with other colleges and schools. The first computer teaching aid was described briefly in TECHNICAL EDUCATION last year (page 301, June 1964 issue), and in more detail elsewhere. These computer units are based on circuits using transistors, operating at ±15V, and the maximum number of common components is employed throughout the range. One aim of the design is to involve the student fully in the use of the equipment, and considerable attention has therefore been paid to the achievement of clear layout, case of programming, and rugged, student‐proof, construction.