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Article
Publication date: 22 August 2021

Mohan Li, Hazel Tucker and Ganghua Chen

This study aims to reconsider Chinese tourist gaze studies, examining the extent to which extant studies and theoretical models relating to the Chinese tourist gaze have overcome…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to reconsider Chinese tourist gaze studies, examining the extent to which extant studies and theoretical models relating to the Chinese tourist gaze have overcome the Eurocentric limits of John Urry’s concept of the tourist gaze and elaborated the complexity of Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis is carried out, examining research articles, books, book chapters and PhD and MSc theses collected from multiple English and Chinese databases.

Findings

The research results manifest that, overall, the previous studies, mobilise cultural essentialism, with an overestimation of the “Chineseness” of Chinese tourists’ behavioural patterns, which are widely believed to be framed by, but also constituting of, unique Chinese culture. Overdependence on Chinese cultural values and traditional philosophies as sources for rationale has resulted in a handful of theoretical frameworks, which appear to be of insufficient magnitude both in terms of their contribution to the original tourist gaze model and in their manifesting of the complexity of Chinese tourists’ visual behaviour. Indeed the divide that once deliberately set apart West and East, or more precisely Western and Chinese tourist gazes, seems to become accentuated in most attempts to study and write about Chinese tourist gaze(s). The previous studies thus largely serve to mirror the Eurocentrism of Urry’s gaze, rather than challenging it.

Research limitations/implications

This study has a few limitations, especially, as this study only reviews and analyses the studies of the Chinese tourist gaze. It means that the conclusion might not well be generalised to either the investigation of the tourist gaze in another culture or the Chinese tourist studies, at large, which might exhibit a different pattern deserving more academic attention in future. Moreover, the authors recommend the future researchers, who are eager to probe Chinese tourists’ behavioural pattern, to seek for new pathways and alternative paradigms, which would be useful in overcoming the limits of cultural representations and in reducing the problematic Sino-Western divide.

Originality/value

Despite not aiming to reconceptualise the Chinese tourist gaze, this review paper contributes to the field of tourist gaze studies by engaging critically with the bias and theoretical insufficiencies that have emerged, while this concept is appropriated and re-formulated to explain Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices. On this basis, the authors suggest a critical redirection of the extant Chinese tourist gaze studies, which would be rather significant to those researchers in future with an interest to research what the Chinese tourists prefer to see in travel and how they engage with the gazee.

中国性与行为复杂性:反思中国游客凝视研究

目的

本文重新检视有关中国游客凝视的研究, 审视现有研究和理论模型在多大程度上克服了约翰·厄里提出的游客凝视概念所蕴含的欧洲中心主义的局限, 并阐述中国游客凝视和视觉实践的复杂性。

设计/方法/进路

本研究进行了内容分析; 资料来源于多个渠道的期刊论文、书籍、书章和博硕论文。

发现

总体而言, 以往研究调动了文化本质主义, 过分强调了中国游客行为模式的“中国性”–被广泛认为受制于中国文化, 且也是中国文化一部分。对作为基本理论来源的中国文化价值观和传统哲学的过度依赖产生了一系列理论框架, 但它们在对最初的游客凝视模型的贡献上, 以及在对中国游客视觉行为的复杂性的阐释上, 都是不够的。在大部分中国游客凝视研究中, 以往对西方游客和中国游客的凝视的刻意区分都得以凸显, 从而映照出厄里的游客凝视概念所蕴含的欧洲中心主义。

原创性/价值

虽然本评述论文并不致力于对中国游客凝视进行重新概念化, 但依旧对游客凝视研究领域做出了贡献。当游客凝视这一概念被挪用且重新定制以解释中国游客凝视和视觉实践时, 本文对涌现其间的偏见和理论上的缺陷进行了批判性的揭示。在此基础上, 我们认为, 有必要对有关中国游客凝视的研究做出批判性的重新定向。这对于未来有志于研究中国游客视觉偏好以及他们如何与被凝视者互动的研究人员而言, 尤其重要。

启示局限/启示

本研究有一些局限, 特别是, 因为我们只评价和分析了有关中国游客凝视的研究。这意味着, 我们的结论可能不能被推广至对其他文化情境下的游客凝视的调查, 也不能推广至中国游客研究整体。我们建议, 对中国游客行为模式感兴趣的研究人员需要寻求新的路径和替代性的范式, 以克服文化表象的局限并减少中西分歧带来的问题。

Carácter chino y la complejidad de comportamiento: repensar los estudios de la mirada del turista chino

Objetivo

Este artículo reconsidera los estudios de la mirada del turista chino para investigar hasta qué punto los estudios y los modelos teóricos existentes sobre la mirada del turista chino han superado los límites eurocéntricos del concepto de la mirada del turista de John Urry y explicado la complejidad de la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales.

Diseño/metodología/método

Se lleva a cabo el análisis de contenido investigando artículos de investigación, libros, capítulos de libros y las tesis de PhD y de MSc provenientes de las diversas bases de datos tanto en inglés como en chino.

Hallazgos

Los resultados de la investigación manifiestan que, en general, los estudios anteriores movilizan el esencialismo cultural con una sobrestimación del “carácter chino” del modelo del comportamiento de turistas chinos, se cree en gran medida que el cual es motivado por la cultura china mientras forma parte de ella. Lo que la fuente de los fundamentos básicos sobredepende de los valores culturales y la filosofía tradicional de China resulta una pequeña cantidad de marcos teóricos, que no son suficientes tanto para la contribución al modelo original de la mirada del turismo como para manifestar la complejidad del comportamiento visual de turistas chinos. De hecho, se destaca la intención de la separación del Occidente y el Oriente, o hablando de forma precisa, de la mirada del turista occidental y la del turista chino al estudiar y escribir sobre la mirada del turista chino. Los estudios anteriores reflejan el eurocentrismo de la mirada de Urry en vez de ponerlo en duda.

Originalidad/valor

A pesar de que el artículo no tiene la reconceptualización de la mirada del turista chino como su objetivo, contribuye al ámbito de la investigación de la mirada del turista a través de revelar de manera crítica el prejuicio y la insuficiencia teórica que ya ha existido cuando se usa y se reformula este concepto para explicar la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales. Con lo que hemos mencionado, planteamos una redirección crítica de los estudios existentes de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual sería significativo para aquellos que tienen la intención de investigar qué prefieren ver los turistas chinos durante el viaje y cómo van a interactuar con los mirados en el futuro.

Límites de investigación/inferencia

Esta investigación tiene varios límites, sobre todo, como solo revisamos y analizamos los estudios de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual significa que nuestra conclusión no se podría generalizar tanto a la investigación de la mirada del turista de otras culturas como a los estudios del turismo chino, que mostrarían un modelo diferente que merece más atención académica en el futuro. Al mismo tiempo, recomendamos a las personas que se interesen por investigar el modelo del comportamiento de los turistas chinos buscar nuevos caminos y paradigmas alternativos, los cuales serían útiles para superar los límites de las representaciones culturales y reducir la división problemática sino-occidental.

Article
Publication date: 19 October 2010

Nelson L. Lammoglia, Camilo Olaya, Jorge Villalobos, Juan P. Calderón, Juan A. Valdivia and Roberto Zarama

The paper considers model‐based management and, based on it, proposes a heuristic‐based management. This paper aims to assert that heuristic‐based management, for complex systems…

Abstract

Purpose

The paper considers model‐based management and, based on it, proposes a heuristic‐based management. This paper aims to assert that heuristic‐based management, for complex systems, a process of free variation, of pairs of models and actions – called organisational strategies, maximizes the chances of improving the system's performance in open environments.

Design/methodology/approach

A conception of complex systems are introduced and characterized as open and self‐organising systems. Then, the proposal to heuristically use pairs of models and actions, called organisational strategies, to manage social systems based on evolutionary thought is supported. Subsequently, a computational experiment is proposed to show that, even in a simple framework, variation processes are required.

Findings

The paper shows that two processes may be required to preserve self‐organising systems. This finding indicates that variation and selection processes, related to evolutionary thought, are necessary for managers to deal with complex systems interacting with complex environments. Finally, it is shown that, even in simple computational environments, variation may be required.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is the first part of an ongoing research agenda on the subject of heuristic‐based management and only refers to variation processes.

Originality/value

The paper links complex systems theories to evolutionary thought. It also relates principles of cybernetics to those of game theory. The proposal has been formalized based on these relations, and has been called heuristic‐based management. Principles first developed in information theory, organisational cybernetics, and evolutionary thought are used so that a complex system can be effective when interacting with a complex environment.

Details

Kybernetes, vol. 39 no. 9/10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

Keywords

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 10 June 2021

Carolina Aldao, Dani Blasco, Manel Poch Espallargas and Saida Palou Rubio

This paper aims to analyse the most significant disruptive events affecting tourism during the twenty-first century, particularly the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse the most significant disruptive events affecting tourism during the twenty-first century, particularly the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a thorough literature review, this study takes a complexity science approach to the field of tourism to shed light on the challenges of disruptive events in tourism systems.

Findings

Focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, this study acknowledges that disruptive events are complex and have tremendous impacts on several areas of society: people’s psychological well-being and the health-care system, as well as social, economic, cultural, technological, environmental and political dimensions. Whether they occur alone or interact, these dimensions add varying levels of complexity to the tourism system. In response, the tourism industry can adopt a resilience model as a crisis management tool to address disruptive events affecting this field.

Research limitations/implications

As this paper is mainly theoretical, future empirical research will contribute to refining the findings and testing the usefulness of the proposed model.

Practical implications

The paper looks at examples of successful and unsuccessful of COVID-19 outbreak management in various countries to analyse issues such as crisis management, resilience and tools for coping with the impacts of disruptive events.

Originality/value

This theoretical paper proposes a first taxonomy of the multidimensional impacts of twenty-first-century disruptive events on tourism and dissects the phases of crisis management, with a corresponding conceptual model.

21世纪旅游业破坏性事件的危机管理和影响建模:以新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行为例研究目的

本文分析了21世纪影响旅游业的最为重要的破坏性事件, 尤其关注2020年新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行

研究设计/方法论/方法

本文将复杂性科学方法应用于旅游领域, 通过全面的文献综述, 揭示破坏性事件给旅游系统带来的挑战。

研究结果

本文承认破坏性事件, 特别是新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行, 复杂且影响巨大, 涉及心理、医疗、社会、经济、文化、技术、环境和政治等诸多方面。这些影响不管是单一的还是相互作用的, 都在不同程度上增加了旅游系统的复杂性。旅游业可以将弹性模型作为危机管理工具, 以应对其领域内的破坏性事件。

原创性

本文首次提出了21世纪破坏性事件对旅游业的多维影响的分类法, 并对危机管理的各个阶段进行了剖析。本文还提出了一个综合模型。

研究局限性/意义

由于本文以理论为主, 未来的实证研究将有助于完善研究结果和验证所提出模型的实用性。

实践意义

本文着眼于不同国家新冠疫情管理的成功和失败案例, 分析危机管理、复原力以及应对破坏性事件影响的方法等问题。

Propósito

Identificar los eventos disruptivos mundiales más importantes que han afectado el turismo en el siglo XXI poniendo especial atención en la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 en el 2020.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Mediante un enfoque a las ciencias de la complejidad aplicado al turismo y una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, este artículo esclarece el reto que significa un evento disruptivo en el turismo.

Resultados

Los eventos disruptivos, en particular el COVID-19, son complejos y generan un alto impacto tanto en el aspecto psicológico, sanitario, social, económico, cultural, tecnológico, medioambiental y político. En su interacción, todos ellos añaden un diferente grado de complejidad al sistema del turismo. Este artículo propone adoptar un modelo de resiliencia como herramienta de gestión de crisis para afrontar eventos disruptivos en el campo del turismo.

Originalidad

Proponer una primera clasificación de los impactos multidimensionales de los eventos disruptivos del siglo XXI en el turismo y un desglose de las fases de gestión de crisis, como así también proponer un modelo integrador de ambos aspectos propios de un evento disruptivo.

Limitaciones de la investigación/implicaciones

Debido al carácter teórico de este artículo, el modelo integrador sugerido representa un marco prometedor para futuras investigaciones en el plano empírico.

Implicaciones practices

Este artículo presta atención a aquellos países que han gestionado la pandemia de forma exitosa o no, para así tener una mejor noción de gestión de crisis y herramientas para hacer frente a futuros eventos disruptivos.

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 6 November 2017

Federico R. León, Oswaldo Morales, Juan D. Ramos, Álvaro Goyenechea, Paul A. Rojas, José Meza and Andrés Burga-León

Call centers generate stress and absenteeism in staff and the literature suggests that people-oriented leadership is the right way of supervision for such a situation. This study…

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Abstract

Purpose

Call centers generate stress and absenteeism in staff and the literature suggests that people-oriented leadership is the right way of supervision for such a situation. This study compared its effects versus those of other types of leadership.

Methodology

Absentee data of 379 representatives of customer services of a Peruvian call center were analyzed and the representatives answered a questionnaire about the Framework of Values in Competition and its four types of leadership. Day and night work shifts were compared.

Results

It was observed that absenteeism declines with people-oriented leadership, although only during the day shift, and the addition of leadership oriented to change, results and control devalues models.

Limitations/implications

Future studies should cover the performance of the worker. The findings suggest a need to re-focus the theoretical focus on environmental contingencies that affect leadership effectiveness.

Originality/value

Leadership theorists will ask themselves in what circumstances the multiple leadership is effective. Call center managers will appreciate the organizational value of people-oriented leadership at the first level of supervision.

Details

Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, vol. 22 no. 43
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2077-1886

Keywords

Case study
Publication date: 7 January 2020

Camilo Peña Ramírez, Maira Fernanda Briones, Fernanda Valentina Paredes, Javiera Constanza Diaz and María José Vásquez

Formular un análisis externo de INAPOL. Desarrollar un análisis estratégico para identificar alternativas estratégicas.

Abstract

Learning outcomes

Formular un análisis externo de INAPOL. Desarrollar un análisis estratégico para identificar alternativas estratégicas.

Case overview/synopsis

INAPOL es una empresa manufacturera dedicada a la fabricación de mangas de polietileno y confección de bolsas plásticas, que enfrentó una crisis por la nueva normativa medioambiental en Chile. Esta norma prohíbe la entrega de bolsas plásticas en el comercio, lo que conlleva directamente a una disminución en la demanda de bolsas por parte de sus principales clientes. Es por esto que es necesario realizar un análisis estratégico y reformular un plan de desarrollo. El presente caso de estudio presenta una baja complejidad y podrá ser aplicado en cursos introductorios de estrategia o gestión de empresas para estudiantes de pregrado en ingeniería, administración y negocios. Se espera que el lector sea capaz de identificar los factores externos que limitan a la empresa, y los factores internos que afectan a la empresa. Además, se espera que el lector desarrolle herramientas de análisis estratégico tales como PESTAL (PESTEL) y FODA (SWOT) e identificar antecedentes necesarios para proponer alternativas estratégicas.

Complexity academic level

El presente caso de estudio presenta una baja complejidad y podrá ser aplicado en cursos introductorios de estrategia o gestión de empresas para estudiantes de pregrado en administración y negocios.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes

Subject code

CSS 11: Strategy.

Article
Publication date: 14 October 2021

Roman Egger and Joanne Yu

Intrigued by the methodological challenges emerging from text complexity, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different topic modelling algorithms based…

Abstract

Purpose

Intrigued by the methodological challenges emerging from text complexity, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different topic modelling algorithms based on Instagram textual data.

Design/methodology/approach

By taking Instagram posts captioned with #darktourism as the study context, this research applies latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), correlation explanation (CorEx), and non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) to uncover tourist experiences.

Findings

CorEx outperforms LDA and NMF by classifying emerging dark sites and activities into 17 distinct topics. The results of LDA appear homogeneous and overlapping, whereas the extracted topics of NMF are not specific enough to gain deep insights.

Originality/value

This study assesses different topic modelling algorithms for knowledge extraction in the highly heterogeneous tourism industry. The findings unfold the complexity of analysing short-text social media data and strengthen the use of CorEx in analysing Instagram content.

研究目的

基于对文本复杂性的兴趣, 本研究以Instagram文本数据为基准, 旨在比较不同主题建模的算法的有效性。

研究方法

本研究以标有 #darktourism的Instagram帖子作为背景, 评估直观理解(LDA), 相关解释(CorEx)和非负矩阵分解(NMF)在分析与黑暗观光相关的帖子的实用性。

研究结果

CorEx分析出17个新兴的黑暗景点和活动, 亦胜过LDA和NMF。虽然LDA能探讨出较多的主题数, 但它们的内容几乎重复。同样的, 尽管NMF适用于短文本数据, 但它提取出主题相当笼统且不够具体。

原创性

透过将营销和数据科学学科相结合, 本研究为分析非结构化的文本奠定了基础, 并证实了CorEx在分析短文本社交媒体数据(如Instagram数据)中的效益。

Propósito

Intrigado por los desafíos metodológicos que surgen de la complejidad del texto, este estudio evalúa la efectividad de diferentes algoritmos de modelado de temas basados en datos textuales de Instagram.

Metodología

Al tomar publicaciones de Instagram con #darktourism como contexto de estudio, esta investigación aplica la asignación de Dirichlet latente (LDA), la explicación de correlación (CorEx) y la factorización matricial no negativa (NMF) para descubrir experiencias turísticas.

Resultados

CorEx supera a LDA y NMF al clasificar los sitios y actividades oscuros emergentes en 17 temas distintos. Los resultados de LDA son homogéneos y se superponen, mientras que los temas extraídos de NMF no son lo suficientemente específicos como para obtener conocimientos profundos.

Originalidad

Este estudio evalúa diferentes algoritmos de modelado de temas para la extracción de conocimiento en la industria del turismo. Los hallazgos revelan la complejidad de analizar datos de redes sociales de texto corto y fortalecen el uso de CorEx para analizar el contenido de Instagram.

Article
Publication date: 5 June 2017

Davide Bizjak, Monica Calcagno and Luigi Maria Sicca

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the specific field of arts entrepreneurship by focussing on the practices of vertical dance; a language of contemporary dance where…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the specific field of arts entrepreneurship by focussing on the practices of vertical dance; a language of contemporary dance where dancers act on a vertical axis, moving suspended on the surface of buildings and walls. The authors’ focus on vertical dance as a meaningful corporal practice to explore the particular combination of dance and human movement, going beyond its purely metaphoric dimension.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors’ adopt a micro-social perspective, observing the practices (Gherardi, 2012; Nicolini, 2012; Sicca, 2000), that took place from 2013 to 2015 in the daily work of Wanda Moretti, a Venetian choreographer and co-founder of the company “Il posto”, observed in different contexts of artistic practices (Zembylas, 2014).

Research limitations/implications

Deconstructing the overlapping dimensions that compose the space in our daily experience (force of gravity and the supporting surface), vertical dance clarifies how often we undervalue the complexity of the space and, at the same time, opens up the way for a better understanding and investigation of entrepreneurship in artistic fields.

Originality/value

The study sheds light on the way in which different categories, such as the human body, space, and movement, are a particular entanglement of elements, useful in highlighting some of the fundamental assumptions at the heart of the field of entrepreneurship. The heterogeneous complexity of space and bodies is emphasised, challenging its ordinary conceptualisation.

Propósito

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar el campo específico de las iniciativas empresariales artísticas, centrándose en las prácticas de la danza vertical, un lenguaje de la danza contemporánea donde los bailarines actúan sobre un eje vertical, moviéndose suspendidos sobre la superficie de edificios y paredes. Nos centramos en la danza vertical como práctica corporal significativa para explorar la combinación particular de la danza y el movimiento humano, que va más allá de su dimensión puramente metafórica.

Metodología

Adoptamos una perspectiva micro-social, focalizándonos en las prácticas (Gherardi, 2012; Nicolini, 2012; Sicca, 2000) que tuvieron lugar desde 2013 hasta 2015 en el trabajo cotidiano de Wanda Moretti, coreógrafa veneciana y co-fundadora de la empresa “Il posto”, observado los diferentes contextos de las prácticas artísticas (Zembylas, 2014).

Implicaciones

En deconstruir las dimensiones superpuestas que componen el espacio en nuestra experiencia diaria (la fuerza de la gravedad y la superficie de apoyo), la danza vertical aclara la frecuencia con la que subvaloramos la complejidad del espacio y, al mismo tiempo, abre el camino para una mejor comprensión y la investigación del espíritu empresarial en los ámbitos artísticos.

Originalidad

El estudio subraya cómo diferentes categorías, como el cuerpo humano, el espacio y el movimiento, son un enredo particular de elementos, útil para poner de relieve algunas de las premisas fundamentales en el campo del espíritu empresarial. La complejidad heterogénea de espacio y los cuerpos se enfatiza, desafiando a su conceptualización ordinaria.

Details

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, vol. 30 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1012-8255

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 August 2018

Yosdenis Urrutia-Badillo, Alvaro Lopez-Cabrales and Ramon Valle Cabrera

Using a multilevel approach, this theoretical paper aims to build a framework to explore the cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions of human capital, which may in turn explain how…

Abstract

Purpose

Using a multilevel approach, this theoretical paper aims to build a framework to explore the cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions of human capital, which may in turn explain how they become a source of competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents several propositions to be empirically tested in further research using multilevel analysis. Starting at the individual level, four configurations of human capital are determined by considering cognitive and non-cognitive human capital. Based on these settings, interactions of human capital at intermediate or departmental level are discussed, taking into account the complexity of the task environment and psychosocial processes. These interactions constitute microfoundations, which explain why human capital may influence different types of organizational capabilities.

Findings

The theoretical analysis carried out allows proposing four configurations of human capital, combining individual cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions. These configurations form a human capital portfolio classifying different types of employees. In addition, this paper shows how individual human capital aggregates into departmental level and generates human capital emergence processes by contextualizing through the complex task environments and psychosocial processes. The development of these emergence processes enables proposing the association of certain organizational capabilities with cognitive elements of human capital (absorptive capacity, innovativeness and technical capacities), whereas a second group of organizational capabilities is linked to non-cognitive human capital aspects (organizational commitment, leadership and customer intimacy).

Originality/value

This paper combines individual dimensions in the study of the content of human capital from a multilevel and microfoundational approach, explaining the effects of emerging human capital on different organizational capabilities when human capital is contextualized at departmental level. This theoretical paper is a new step towards understanding and measuring the concept of human capital, enriching the resource-based view framework.

Propósito

Utilizando un enfoque multidimensional, este paper teórico tiene como objetivo el diseño de un marco conceptual que explore las dimensiones cognitivas y no cognitivas del capital humano, de cara a explicar cómo puede convertirse en fuente de ventaja competitiva.

Diseño

En este artículo se presentan varias proposiciones teóricas que pueden ser testadas empíricamente en investigaciones futuras a través de análisis multinivel. Comenzando a un nivel individual, se determinan cuatro configuraciones de capital humano, al considerar las dimensiones cognitivas y no cognitivas. En base a esto, a nivel intermedio o departamental se discuten las interacciones de capital humano, teniendo en consideración la complejidad del entorno de tareas y los procesos psicosociales. Dichas interacciones se convierten en microfundamentos que explican cómo el capital humano puede influir en diferentes capacidades organizativas a nivel de empresa.

Hallazgos

El análisis teórico que se realiza nos permite proponer cuatro configuraciones de capital humano al combinar las dimensiones individuales cognitivas y no cognitivas. Estas configuraciones forman un portafolio de capital humano que permiten clasificar cuatro tipos de trabajadores. Además, este artículo muestra cómo se agrega el capital humano individual a nivel departamental, generando procesos de surgimiento del capital humano, los cuales se contextualizan por la complejidad del entorno de tareas y los procesos psicosociales. Dicho proceso de surgimiento nos permite proponer la asociación de capacidades organizativas como la de absorción, innovación y tecnológica, con los elementos cognitivos del capital humano, mientras que un segundo grupo de capacidades organizativas (compromiso, liderazgo, intimidad con el cliente) se asocia a aspectos no cognitivos del capital humano.

Originalidad/valor

Este paper combina las dimensiones individuales del capital humano en el estudio de su contenido, desde una perspectiva multinivel y basada en microfundamentos, explicando los efectos del surgimiento del capital humano en diferentes capacidades organizativas, una vez que dicho capital humano se contextualiza a nivel departamental. Este paper teórico sería un paso más en el conocimiento y medición del capital humano, enriqueciendo el marco de la Teoría Basada en los Recursos.

Propósito

Usando uma abordagem multidimensional, este paper teórico tem como objetivo a construção dum marco conceptual que explore as dimensões cognitivas e não cognitivas do capital humano, de modo a explicar como se pode tornar em fonte de vantagem competitiva.

Concepção

Neste artigo apresentam-se várias proposições teóricas que podem ser testadas empiricamente em futuras pesquisas através da análise multinível. Partindo dum nível individual, determinam-se quatro configurações de capital humano, considerando as dimensões cognitivas e não cognitivas. Baseado nisto, a nível intermédio ou departamental debatem-se as interações do capital humano, tendo em consideração a complexidade do ambiente de tarefas e os processos psicossociais. Ditas interações constituem-se em microfundamentos que explicam como o capital humano pode influir em diferentes capacidades organizacionais a nível de empresa.

Achados

A análise teórica realizada nos permite propor quatro configurações de capital humano ao combinar as dimensões individuais cognitivas e não cognitivas. Essas configurações formam um portfólio de capital humano que permitem classificar quatro tipos de trabalhadores. Aliás, este artigo mostra como se agrega o capital humano a nível departamental, gerando processos de surgimento do capital humano, os quais contextualizam-se pela complexidade dos ambientes de tarefas e dos processos psicossociais. O desenvolvimento destes processos de surgimento nos permite propor a associação de determinadas capacidades organizacionais como a de absorção, a de inovação e a tecnológica, com os elementos cognitivos do capital humano, enquanto que um segundo grupo de capacidades organizacionais (compromisso, liderança, proximidade com o cliente) está ligado a aspectos não cognitivos do capital humano.

Originalidade/valor

Este paper combina as dimensões individuais no estudo do conteúdo do capital humano desde uma perspectiva multinível e micro-fundacional, explicando os efeitos do surgimento do capital humano em diferentes capacidades organizacionais quando o capital humano se contextualiza a nível departamental. Este paper teórico seria mais um passo no conhecimento e medição do conceito do capital humano, enriquecendo o marco da Teoria Baseada nos Recursos.

Article
Publication date: 29 July 2019

Rony Cabrera and Domingo González

As part of a new focus on a better balance of investment in innovation activities in developing countries, this study aims to understand the effects of technological attributes…

Abstract

Purpose

As part of a new focus on a better balance of investment in innovation activities in developing countries, this study aims to understand the effects of technological attributes (technological complexity and type of technology) on manufacturing technology sourcing (whether firms choose either internal development or external sources).

Design/methodology/approach

Multiple-case studies were conducted in the Peruvian manufacturing sector.

Findings

The authors found that, across Peruvian manufacturing firms, they develop a certain manufacturing technology related to their capabilities. However, when the total cost of acquisition is lower than internal costs of developing technologies, they will choose external sources, regardless of their capabilities and complexity of the technology. In addition, analysis of the type of technology indicated that the pursuit of simultaneous exploration and exploitation occurs when firms use external sources rather than internal.

Research limitations/implications

This study has the limitation that data have been collected years after the decision-making process; the results are based solely on the authors’ analysis using the case of Peruvian industry, and they do not track the impact on the performance of manufacturing technology decisions.

Practical implications

The findings have important implications for technology managers of South American manufacturing firms that are decision makers in the sourcing of new manufacturing technologies.

Originality/value

The results of this study provide literature with insights into technology sourcing strategy in developing countries and the importance of progress in transitioning to technological innovation and catchup.

Objetivo

Como parte de um novo foco em um melhor equilíbrio do investimento em atividades de inovação nos países em desenvolvimento, este estudo compreende os efeitos dos atributos tecnológicos (complexidade tecnológica e tipo de tecnologia) no suprimento de tecnologia de fabricação (se as empresas escolhem desenvolvimento interno ou fontes externas).

Design/metodologia/abordagem

Estudos de casos múltiplos foram conduzidos no setor manufatureiro peruano.

Resultados

Descobrimos que, em todas as empresas de fabricação peruanas, elas desenvolvem uma certa tecnologia de fabricação relacionada às suas capacidades. No entanto, quando o custo total de aquisição é menor do que os custos internos de desenvolvimento de tecnologias, eles escolhem fontes externas, independentemente de suas capacidades e complexidade da tecnologia. Além disso, a análise do tipo de tecnologia indicou que a busca da exploração e exploração simultâneas ocorre quando as empresas usam fontes externas em vez de internas.

Limitações/implicações da pesquisa

Este estudo tem a limitação de que os dados foram coletados anos após o processo de tomada de decisão, os resultados são baseados exclusivamente em nossa análise usando o caso da indústria peruana e não acompanhamos o impacto sobre o desempenho das decisões de tecnologia de fabricação.

Originalidade/valor

Os resultados deste estudo fornecem à literatura insights sobre a estratégia de fornecimento de tecnologia nos países em desenvolvimento e a importância do progresso na transição para a inovação tecnológica e o catch-up.

Palavras-chave

Sourcing de tecnologia, Tecnologia de fabricação, Peru

Objetivo

Como parte de un nuevo enfoque en un mejor equilibrio de la inversión en actividades de innovación en los países en desarrollo, este estudio comprende los efectos de los atributos tecnológicos (complejidad tecnológica y tipo de tecnología) en la fuente de tecnología de manufactura (ya sea que las empresas elijan desarrollo interno o fuentes externas).

Diseño/metodología/aproximación

Se realizaron estudios de casos múltiples en el sector manufacturero peruano.

Resultados

Los resultados muestran que, en todas las empresas manufactureras peruanas, desarrollan una cierta tecnología de manufactura relacionada con sus capacidades. Sin embargo, cuando el costo total de adquisición es menor que el costo interno de desarrollar tecnologías, elegirán fuentes externas, independientemente de sus capacidades y la complejidad de la tecnología. Además, el análisis del tipo de tecnología indicó que la búsqueda simultánea de exploración y explotación ocurre cuando las empresas utilizan fuentes externas en lugar de internas.

Limitaciones

Este estudio tiene la limitante de que los datos fueron recopilados luego del proceso de toma de decisiones, los resultados se basan únicamente en la industria peruana y no analizamos el impacto que tuvieron las decisiones recolectadas.

Originalidad/valor

Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información sobre la estrategia de abastecimiento de tecnología en los países en desarrollo y la importancia del progreso en la transición a la innovación tecnológica y la puesta al día.

Palabras clave

Fuente de tecnología, Tecnología de fabricación, Perú

Details

Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, vol. 17 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1536-5433

Keywords

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 24 April 2024

María-Soledad Ramírez-Montoya and May Portuguez-Castro

The challenges facing 21st-century society are becoming increasingly complex, requiring the development of new citizen competencies. This study aims to validate an educational…

Abstract

Purpose

The challenges facing 21st-century society are becoming increasingly complex, requiring the development of new citizen competencies. This study aims to validate an educational model focused on developing complex thinking in higher education students. Current educational models lack future-ready competencies, necessitating the emergence of new models to guide future generations toward the common good.

Design/methodology/approach

This was an adaptation of the causal-layered analysis (CLA) applied to 415 participants from higher education institutions in Mexico, Panama and Spain. Sessions were designed to present the proposed educational model and explore participants’ perceptions of its significance and contributions to future education.

Findings

Key findings include the following: participants perceived complexity as difficult and challenging; causes of problems were linked to outdated educational models requiring replacement by those that develop students’ competencies; participants envisioned changes that would develop individuals capable of understanding and transforming society; and participants recognized the model’s transformative potential, offering a novel proposal for 21st-century education.

Originality/value

This research sought to gather opinions from different stakeholders using the CLA methodology, providing a deep understanding of participants’ perspectives on the proposed solution.

Details

On the Horizon: The International Journal of Learning Futures, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1074-8121

Keywords

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