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Building on a TripAdvisor data for five Mediterranean destinations, namely, Greece, Croatia, Italy, France and Spain, this study analyses the constituents of restaurants' online reputation and their interrelation with destination competitiveness, in particular two Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) pillars, namely, Prioritisation of Travel and Tourism and Price Competitiveness.

The analysis has revealed that restaurants' online reputation is positively influenced by two factors, namely, Core elements, i.e. cooking, service and price-quality ratio, and Price. Furthermore, the restaurants' online reputation does not influence destination competitiveness (TTCI) directly, but indirectly throughout its main constituents, i.e. service and price. Price is the only variable with significant influence on overall TTCI. Within the sample of these destinations, Balkan countries, i.e. Greece and Croatia, perform very well in terms of their restaurants' online reputation. On the other hand, considering the overall TTCI rating, their competitive positions are substantially lower than those of Italy, France and Spain.

The study provides new insights into the relationship between gastronomic offer and destination competitiveness, and valuable practical implications for destination and hospitality management. Moreover, this study addresses various gaps in existing research on this topic. Specifically, it validates the reputation elements presented online using TripAdvisor data and analyses the impact of electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) not only as the outcome variable of other constructs, as is the case in the literature, but also as a central construct of the analysis. In doing so, it extends current research on this topic and fills the gap regarding the inclusion of the supply-side stakeholder perspective, which has long been recognised as necessary in any attempts to measure competitiveness.

This study aims to provide a systematic review of the literature on destination competitiveness. It explores research themes and approaches, and outlines an agenda for future research.

One hundred and eighty-three journal articles on destination competitiveness published in English since 2010 were collected. Content analysis was performed.

The authors found that sustainable development and smart tourism were popular themes related to destination competitiveness. Recent studies still relied heavily on Ritchie and Crouch’s (2000) model or Dwyer and Kim’s (2003) model. The authors also offer constructive insights for future research, proposing that research seek more input from residents, take an advanced integrated approach between supply and demand, adopt more core theories, focus on less researched types of destinations, explore the further contribution of smart tourism and adopt a negative lens to study the antecedents and consequences of destination competitiveness. The adoption of a longitudinal study approach is also suggested.

This paper contributes to the literature because of the scope of its review and perspective of discussion. Previous review papers have only focused on the factors and indicators of tourism destination competitiveness in different settings. We extend our literature review to research themes and approaches, and make suggestions for future research directions.

本研究对目的地竞争力相关的文献进行了系统性回顾, 以探讨研究主题、方法和未来议程。

本研究收集了自2010年以来以英文发表的183 篇关于目的地竞争力的期刊文章, 并进行了内容分析。

我们发现可持续发展和智慧旅游是与目的地竞争力相关的热门主题。近期的研究仍然主要依赖Ritchie 和Crouch（2000）的模型或Dwyer和Kim（2003）的模型。我们为未来的研究提供了建设性的意见, 建议研究寻求更多居民的意见, 采取进阶的供给与需求的综合方法, 采用更多的核心理论, 关注较少研究过的目的地类型, 探索智慧旅游的进一步贡献, 并采用反向的视角来研究目的地竞争力的前因和后果。我们还建议采用纵向研究的方法。

本研究在评论的范围和讨论的角度对文献作出了贡献。以往的文献综述性文章只关注不同环境下的旅游目的地竞争力的因素和指标。我们在回顾研究主题、方法和对未来研究的建议等方面进行了扩展。

Se recopilaron ciento ochenta y tres artículos de revistas sobre la competitividad de los destinos publicados en inglés desde 2010. Se realizó un análisis de contenido.

Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía sobre la competitividad de los destinos. Se analizan temas y enfoques de investigación y se presenta una agenda para futuras investigaciones.

Se constató que el desarrollo sostenible y el turismo inteligente eran temas populares relacionados con la competitividad de los destinos. Los estudios recientes siguen basándose en gran medida en el modelo de Ritchie y Crouch (2000) o en el de Dwyer y Kim (2003). Se presentan ideas constructivas para futuras investigaciones, proponiendo que las investigaciones se centren en más aportaciones de los residentes, adopten un enfoque integrado avanzado entre la oferta y la demanda, se basen en mayor medida en las teorías fundamentales, se centren en tipos de destinos menos investigados, exploren la contribución adicional del turismo inteligente y adopten una óptica negativa para estudiar los antecedentes y las consecuencias de la competitividad de los destinos. También se sugiere la adopción de un enfoque de estudio longitudinal.

Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura por el alcance de su revisión y la perspectiva de la discusión. Los trabajos de revisión anteriores sólo se han centrado en los factores e indicadores de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos en diferentes entornos. Se amplía la revisión de la literatura a temas y enfoques de investigación, y se plantean sugerencias para futuras direcciones de investigación.

This research aims to model the existing system of destination competitiveness, identifies leverage points and develop revised model to achieve sustainable competitiveness.

System dynamics is used as method of modeling destination competitiveness. Structure of model utilizes 9-factor model as reference. Leverage points are identified using system archetypes. Revised model is built with resource-based view (RBV). Case study was conducted in Samosir, Toba Lake. Data used are secondary data and results of in-depth interviews.

There are 3 sub-systemic characteristics (archetypes) that hinder competitiveness. They are limit to growth quality gap, fix that fails infrastructure and promotion, tragedy of common lake pollution. Destination was unable to meet tourist expectations. Tourists spending decreased, demand size was small. Industries are unable to increase capabilities. Professionals, entrepreneurs, local workers, supporting industries are less interested in entering industry. Government policies do not match with destination's needs. Lake as main attraction is getting polluted. To achieve sustainable competitiveness, destination must utilize their valuable, rare and inimitable (VRI) resources and capabilities to design unique experiences for tourists, hence sustainable.

Government policy should be shifted to prioritizing development of valuable, rare, inimitable and well-organized resources and capabilities of destination, to produce unique tourist experience and achieve sustainable competitiveness.

Methods and findings, combining system dynamics, system archetype, 9-factor model and RBV to achieve sustainable competitiveness is novel and can enrich tourism sustainable competitiveness theory/concept.

Destination competitiveness is a significant contributor to tourism growth, performance and development. The current research intends to test the effect of the dimensions of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) on destination competitiveness in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt and Oman and how competitiveness influences tourism performance and development.

The perspectives of 460 responses were collected from the UAE, 457 from Egypt and 301 responses from Oman. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was utilised to measure the research model relationships.

The results showed that the competitiveness index components are significantly contributing to destination competitiveness and that this competitiveness is predicting both tourism performance and development.

This study developed and empirically tested the effect of an integrative model of the competitiveness index on destination competitiveness from the perspective of local visitors in three Muslim and Arab nations. This study gives scholars valuable perceptions into how socio-cultural variations between residents and locals in various nations might result in significantly diverse behaviours.

The aim of the study is to contribute to the body of knowledge with a different and richer approach, by evaluating the competitiveness of the Cappadocia Region, which has a culture-oriented single or limited product variety, with a comparative and holistic approach from the perspective of visitors and stakeholders.

This research, designed on the basis of the Cappadocia Region to make original and rich contributions to the literature on destination competitiveness, has the characteristics of a field study based on collecting and analyzing raw data through scales. For this purpose, research was conducted with 401 visitors and 277 tourism stakeholders. Data was analyzed using t-tests to compare two groups and the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare more than two groups. Cronbach's alpha analysis, nomological validity and a pilot test were conducted for validity and reliability. In addition, descriptive statistics and normality test were used in addition to the exploratory factor analyses.

Because of the research, it was seen that the competitiveness perceptions of the participants in the region differed and that the region has many strengths such as natural beauties, accommodation facilities and a positive image. However, it was determined that the competitiveness perceptions of visitors who have more touristic experiences in the region have increased in parallel with their touristic experiences. It was established that the competitiveness perceptions of the stakeholders who have comprehensive knowledge of the managerial problems and the destination competitiveness components of the region are generally lower than the visitors.

This study provides some practical implications for touristic destinations based on the research area. In order for destinations to survive in a fierce competitive environment and strengthen their competitive position, it is very important to analyze and evaluate consumers' needs and requests correctly, reveal existing differences, and use resources effectively. In addition to strengthening the image of the destination and adopting a sustainable and innovative approach, the integrated tour programs that offer touristic activities in nearby cities can be diversified with nature and adventure activities.

It is seen that studies that have been conducted with a comparative and holistic approach with data obtained from both visitors and stakeholders are quite limited. In addition, most of these studies have been conducted on destinations that are widely preferred such as mass tourism but which are less competitive than alternative tourism examples. Therefore, this study has a broad perspective and strong implications for destination competitiveness.

This study aims to provide current and organised insights into past published studies on tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) in the past decade through systematic literature analysis.

A comprehensive review was performed by systematically gathering the literature published from 1983 to 2021 and coded according to categories such as author, year, article title, name of journal and TDC determinants.

The key findings of this review reveal that no universal set of items, attributes or indicators to measure the competitiveness of tourism destinations exists; the complexity and variability of many definitions and measuring elements from various perspectives portray the multi-faceted concept of competitiveness; and synergistic connection between the source of comparative and competitive advantages of TDC focusing on destination image, tourism experience and loyalty.

Research works considered in the study are only from indexed and peer-reviewed journal publications.

The study findings reveal a lack of studies that address the relationship between destination image, tourism experience and loyalty within the TDC realm. Future studies should consider complementing the tourism supply and demand side to avoid a “strategic drift” of TDC concepts, perceptions and practices.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of the Uruguayan rural tourism sector against its main competitors from Argentina and Brazil, as perceived by Uruguayan stakeholders on the supply side. The paper will also evaluate the potential of Uruguay as a rural tourism destination in attracting German tourists.

Two different questionnaires were administered, one to Uruguayan rural tourism stakeholders and another one to potential German tourists in Germany.

The findings indicate that the main strengths of Uruguayan rural tourism offer, compared to Argentina and Brazil, are the hospitality and friendliness of local people, the natural and cultural attractions and the country’s security and safety. Main weaknesses identified were the poor management of several destination components that are key to create a successful tourism destination and poor management of the “demand conditions” component of Dwyer and Kim’s (2003) integrated model.

There is very limited research done on the competitiveness of Uruguay as a rural tourist destination in attracting foreign tourists (Mackinnon et al., 2009). The objective of this study is to partially fill this gap by assessing how competitive Uruguayan rural tourism is and evaluating whether Uruguay represents an attractive market for German tourists looking for agro tourism and farm holiday destinations. The German market was chosen because it is one of the top tourist-generating countries and one of the biggest spenders in international tourism (The World Tourism organization, 2010). Moreover, most tourists – from outside South America – selecting Uruguay as a tourist destination come from Germany, USA and Australia (Peralta, 2012).

This study made an advance over previous work by providing a modified model for measuring the competitiveness of tourism destinations based on competitive performance from a stakeholder perspective. Furthermore, this paper aims to evaluate the sources of relative strengths and weaknesses perceived of a destination.

This study uses a quantitative approach to seek opinions of 135 tourism stakeholders. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were used to describe the profile of the respondents, quantify the main findings and test the proposed hypotheses.

The results highlight the importance of safety in determining the attractiveness of a destination and its significance for the competitiveness of a destination. The strongest indicator of competitiveness is “Core resources and attractions,” while the weakest indicator is “Destination management.” Also, employees in public institutions and in the tourism industry in general have different opinions about competitive tourism destinations for most dimensions.

Despite the fact that the findings do not consider the demand side, which has a major impact on the destination, they minimize the research gap and contribute to the existing literature review.

The results are of particular value to stakeholders and destination management responsible for strengthening the competitiveness of tourism destinations.

The research progressed over previous studies by developing and empirically testing a modified conceptual model for measuring destination competitiveness from a supply-side perspective and recommending improvements for the emerging tourism destinations.

利益相关者对竞争性旅游目的地的看法：来自塞尔维亚的经验证据

本研究提供了一个修正模型, 用于从利益相关者的角度基于竞争绩效来衡量旅游目的地的竞争力, 从而比以前的工作有所进展。此外, 它旨在评估目的地感知的相对优势和劣势的来源。

本研究采用定量分析法征求了135 名旅游业利益相关者的意见。采用单变量和双变量统计分析方法对受访者的概况进行描述, 量化主要研究结果并检验所提出的假设。

结果强调了安全在决定目的地吸引力方面及其对目的地竞争力的重要性。竞争力最强的指标是“核心资源和景点”, 最弱的指标是“目的地管理”。 此外, 公共机构和旅游业的从业人员对竞争性旅游目的地在大多数方面的看法普遍不同。

尽管研究结果没有考虑对目的地有重大影响的需求方, 但它们最大限度地缩小了研究差距并对现有的研究综述有所帮助。

研究结果对于利益相关者和旅游目的地管理层加强旅游目的地的竞争力具有特别价值。

相较于以往的研究而言, 该研究的进展在于形成和实证检验一个修正的概念模型, 从供应方的角度衡量目的地竞争力, 并为新兴旅游目的地的竞争地位提出改进建议。

Las percepciones de las partes interesadas del destino turístico competitivo: las pruebas empíricas de Serbia

Este estudio avanzó sobre el anterior con proporcionar un modelo modificado para medir la competitividad de los destinos turísticos desde la perspectiva de las partes interesadas.  Además, el objetivo es evaluar los fuentes de las fuerzas y debilidades relativas, percibidas de un destino. 

Este estudio usa el enfoque cuantitativo para buscar opiniones de 135 actores del turísmo. Se utilizaron análisis estadísticos univariados y bivariados para describir el perfíl de encuestados, para cuantificar los resultados principales y para comprobar la hipótesis propuesta. 

Los resultados destacan la importancia de la seguridad para determinar el atractivo de un destino y su importancia para la competitividad de un destino. El indicador de competitividad más fuerte es “Recursos y atracciones principales”, mientras el indicador más débil es “Gestión de destinos”. Empleados en las instituciones públicas y en turismo en general, tienen opiniones diferentes sobre el destino turístico competitivo en la mayoría da las dimensiones.

A pesar de que los resultados no consideran el lado de la demanda, que tienen un mayor impacto en el destino, minimizan la brecha de la investigación y contribuyen a la revisión de literatura existente. 

Los resultados tienen un valor práctico para las partes interesadas y para la gestión del destino responsable de fortalecer la competitividad del destino turístico. 

Esta investigación progresó sobre los estudios anteriores desarrollando y empíricamente probando un modelo conceptual modificado para medir la competitividad de los destinos desde la perspectiva de la oferta, y las recomendaciones para los progresos competitivos de los destinos turísticos  emergentes. 

Tourism has become a global industry, with the destination being at the core of the tourism product. Due to an increasingly competitive market place, ensuring destination competitiveness is vital. The aim of this study is to detect which factors destination suppliers perceive as important for the competitiveness of their destination.

A quantitative research paradigm was chosen. A survey was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire containing questions referring to the five dimensions of the destination competitiveness model by Ritchie and Crouch. The convenience sample comprised n=71 stakeholders of the supply‐side. Indices for the dimensions were computed. A MANOVA was conducted to test for differences in the perception of the destination competitiveness dimensions. Post‐hoc tests were employed to test between which groups the differences lay.

Six stakeholder groups were detected. The estimated model suggested that significant differences regarding the stakeholder's perception of destination competitiveness and the dimensions core resources, destination management, and destination policy exist.

The sample size is rather small and, moreover, future research should additionally include the demand‐side of destinations.

Communication from the destination managing organization is recommended in order to promote a more coherent picture of the destination toward the tourists.

This study emphasizes the complexity of the tourism product. Moreover, it is shown that differences in the perception of the destination competitiveness dimensions occur based on the industry the respondent works in. Overall, the usefulness for measuring destination competitiveness by the Ritchie and Crouch model is confirmed.

This study aims to examine the relationships between tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) determinants and tourism performance. This study specifically assessed the soundness of the TDC attributes and evaluated their ability in explaining tourism performance.

The Dwyer and Kim’s (2003) destination competitiveness integrated model (IM) was used. Secondary data of 115 nations available from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) and other international reports were also used. The hypothesised relationships were tested via partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).

This study confirms that the core resources, complementary condition, globalisation and tourism price significantly explain tourism performance. Results have shown differences in the competitiveness level and actual performance among nations, highlighting specific limitations of the current TDC model and TTCI report reliability.

Future study could segment the sample base on destinations characteristic and then analyse it based on smaller sub-samples of similar destinations. Moreover, drivers of destination performance in developed and less develop destinations are quite diverse.

The incorrect competitiveness ranking evaluation will affect inward investment decisions. This study framework enables policymakers to arrive at more informed decisions than merely relying on the original competitiveness rankings.

The widespread acknowledgment of the importance of competitiveness for a tourism destination's success suggests that there is a crucial need for sound benchmarking of countries’ competitive capabilities. The proposed competitiveness determinants aid the policymakers in identifying the best competitiveness and tourism performance predictors, as well as how to identify crucial factors affecting the rankings.