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This paper aims to support small mobile application development teams or companies performing testing on a large variety of operating systems versions and mobile devices to ensure their seamless working.

This paper proposes a “hybrid crowdsourcing” method that leverages the power of public crowd testers. This leads to generating a novel crowdtesting workflow Developer/Tester- Crowdtesting (DT-CT) that focuses on developers and crowd testers as key elements in the testing process without the need for intermediate as managers or leaders. This workflow has been used in a novel crowdtesting platform (AskCrowd2Test). This platform enables testing the compatibility of mobile devices and applications at two different levels, high-level (device characteristics) or low-level (code). Additionally, a “crowd-powered knowledge base” has been developed that stores testing results, relevant issues and their solutions.

The comparison of the presented DT-CT workflow with the common and most recent crowdtesting workflows showed that DT-CT may positively impact the testing process by reducing time-consuming and budget spend because of the direct interaction of developers and crowd testers.

To authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to propose crowdtesting workflow based on developers and public crowd testers without crowd managers or leaders, which light the beacon for the future research in this field. Additionally, this work is the first that authorizes crowd testers with a limited level of experience to participate in the testing process, which helps in studying the behaviors and interaction of end-users with apps and obtains more concrete results.

In the last two decades there has been considerable progress made in the development of alternative estimation techniques to ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The search for alternative estimators has no doubt been motivated by the observance of erratic OLS estimator behavior in cases where there are too few observations, multicollinearity problems, or simply “information‐poor” data sets. Imprecise and unreliable OLS coefficient estimates have been the result.

PC clones are well suited to anyone who has uses for IBM‐compatible software and is not over‐awed by those three magic letters. Clones now hold a much larger microcomputer market share than IBM. They frequently offer more power and better features, almost always at a much better price. But clones vary greatly in quality, reliability, and even compatibility. A potential purchaser of a clone should read reviews, and, if possible, run less well‐known clones through a series of tests prior to purchasing one. Crawford details a series of tests that were conducted by The Research Libraries Group, Inc., when it evaluated clones to serve as terminal replacements. These tests were designed to evaluate compatibility, quality of manufacturing, reliability of components, speed, and related characteristics. The results of those tests, when applied to several XT‐ and AT‐compatible clones, are presented.

Outlines the increasing use of unconventional metalworking fluids as one of the measures necessary for manufacturing industries to take to maintain their competitiveness, focusing on Germany. Notes environmental concerns and describes the use of base fluids, additives and the testing compatibility with machine tool elements.

DEVELOPMENT efforts in both the B‐70 and F‐111 programmes have demonstrated that steady‐state pressure distortion considerations are no longer sufficient to determine if the inlet/engine components of the propulsion system are compatible and operate in a stable manner for all flight conditions. Modern high speed aircraft operate in modes where the effects of shocks and boundary layers produce an inlet distortion environment which has considerable temporal variation. Early in a programme, the engine manufacturer must determine design requirements to enable operation with combined steady and unsteady flow distortions.

The recently developed Reduced Oxide Soldering Activation (ROSA™) method is shown to be compatible with long‐term use with mass soldering processes. Prototype regeneration cells operated for as long as six months with minimal maintenance retained their effectiveness for providing short wetting times under a variety of perturbations. The operating window for the process is wide and component degradation caused by exposure to the fully charged solution is minimal. The ROSA treatment provides soldering performance comparable to that attainable with a fully activated rosin flux and offers the promise of providing low soldering defect rates without the use of CFC solvents.

This study aims to investigate the options for additive rapid prototyping methods in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Additive rapid prototyping technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS), all commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing methods, are reviewed and compared with the resolution requirements of the traditional MEMS fabrication methods.

In the 3D print approach, the entire assembly, parts and prototypes are built using various plastic and metal materials directly from the software file input, completely bypassing any additional processing steps. The review highlights their potential place in the overall process flow to reduce the complexity of traditional microfabrication and long processing cycles needed to test multiple prototypes before the final design is set.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing technique in micro-device technology.

In the current state of 3D printing, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for fluid handling and manipulation appear to be the most compatible with the 3D print methods, given their fairly coarse minimum feature size of 50-500 μm. Future directions in the 3D materials and method development are identified, such as adhesion and material compatibility studies of the 3D print materials, wafer-level printing and conductive materials development. One of the most important goals should be the drive toward finer resolution and layer thickness (1-10 μm) to stimulate the use of the 3D printing in a wider array of MEMS devices.

The review combines two discrete disciplines, microfabrication and AM, and shows how microfabrication and micro-device commercialization may benefit from employing methods developed by the AM community.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of an information submission model based on OWL (Web Ontology Language) that permits the subsequent implementation of knowledge‐sharing systems, such as the Set of Experience Knowledge Structure, among the various EU banking supervisors.

Recent theoretical advances in the use of semantic web languages are introduced and put theoretically into force in the context. Additionally, a first‐hand questionnaire is directed to the supervisors, measuring the value compatibility of the semantic technology with the needs of the existing European banking environment.

The results illustrate that there exists a good level of value compatibility between the normative challenge and the new technology. Although there are some differences, these would perhaps not make the implementation of this technological framework particularly difficult, in that they focus on the same points that the regulators must consider to achieve success in the new European environment, for example, the balance between normative and practical approaches.

This is the fist time that an ontology‐based system has been proposed for banking supervision in Europe.

The purpose of this paper is to examine Chester Barnard's decisional model utilizing the lens of image theory. The main claim is that the individual decision‐making model proposed by Barnard in his Notes on the Significance of Decisive Behavior can be evaluated within the framework of image theory.

The paper performed a comparative analysis of Barnard's and image theory's models of decision making to outline congruence and incongruence between Barnard's early conceptualization of individual decision making and the contemporary understanding of image theory.

The findings provide support to the claim that image theory is an appropriate framework to describe Barnard's model.

The unique contribution of this study is that it provides the first theoretical analysis of Barnard's model of individual decision making. Barnard's model of individual decision making is little known because it was posthumously published in his Notes on the Significance of Decisive Behavior 35 years after Barnard's death.

Precision cleaning with solvent systems based on n‐propyl bromide (nPB) has become an important component of the circuit board fabrication process. The nPB‐based cleaners have proved themselves valuable alternatives to the once popular chlorocarbons and hydrochlorocarbons. These latter solvents have been largely banned or restricted because of toxicological and/or environmental considerations. n‐propyl bromide has nearly identical physical and cleaning properties to 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (1,1,1‐T or TCA), but it has a low Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and a low Global Warming Potential (GWP). A growing body of evidence shows that nPB‐based solvents are safe, effective and cost‐efficient alternatives for precision cleaning applications. New formulations have now been developed specifically for the electronics industry. The first challenge is the efficient removal of ionic residues left by certain types of solder flux. The second challenge is the prevention of tarnish on silver leads used on some circuit boards. Case histories and a discussion of relevant toxicological, environmental and regulatory considerations will be included.