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This paper presents evidence to suggest that despite obstacles that made predatory pricing essentially impossible, the National Cash Register Co. (N.C.R.) managed successfully to deploy an arsenal of non-price predatory strategies that permitted it to consolidate and maintain a nearly complete monopoly of the cash-register trade. N.C.R. took actions to raise the costs and reduce the revenues of its rivals, actions that made sense only to the extent that N.C.R. could recoup their costs through the maintenance of monopoly rents. Our analysis suggests that antitrust prosecution was a significant threat to N.C.R., and ultimately forced the company to agree to abandon its most objectionable practices.

This paper aims to explore the nature of voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) disclosure by non-GHG-registered companies among industry sectors over a period after the introduction of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) Act 2007 and before the introduction of the Australian ETS.

A GHG disclosure index is used to evaluate the levels of GHG disclosure in 2009 and 2011 annual reports.

This paper highlights that non-GHG-registered companies seem to improve their disclosure by incorporating more “behavioural management” actions rather than “symbolic” actions. The changing rationale of GHG disclosure is towards more serious GHG reduction strategies. Consistent with voluntary disclosure and signalling theories, companies having good news to tell disclose their superior GHG information to promote their superior environmental performance.

The findings should be useful for stakeholders who are interested in GHG disclosure strategies. Also, the content analysis of the annual reports provides some clarity in respect of the most common aspects of GHG disclosure by non-GHG-registered companies which is helpful in the evaluation of correspondence between carbon disclosure strategies and the objectives of carbon abatement.

Previous studies mostly investigate the differences in the type of GHG disclosure among companies subject to mandatory GHG regulations. However, this paper is the first study to examine the changing rationale in the nature of GHG disclosure of non-GHG-registered companies. While much of the prior research uses GHG-registered companies as the sample, no empirical study to date has considered non-GHG-registered companies that encompass 96 per cent of ASX listed companies.

This paper aims to analyse the legal framework of reincorporations and subsequent change of applicable law in Greece and Cyprus. A comparison between Greek Law and Cyprus Law is drawn. This paper highlights possible required reforms. Cyprus has a quite detailed legal framework of voluntary inbound and outbound reincorporations. While Greece has certain provisions on outbound reincorporations, it does not have any provisions on inbound reincorporations. The compatibility of these national provisions with internal market rules, as interpreted by the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), is discussed.

This paper follows a comparative approach. After a careful analysis of each national legal framework, a comparison between Greek law and Cyprus law follows. This paper also follows an EU law approach.

These two jurisdictions present some differences. Cyprus adopting the incorporation theory has a detailed, sophisticated and flexible legal framework of reincorporations. Although Greece adopting the real seat theory has some special provisions for outbound reincorporations, there are no specific provisions for inbound reincorporations. Inbound reincorporations are possible under Greek law, but the absence of detailed provisions is against legal certainty. Cyprus law on reincorporations could be used as an example for Greek legislature. However, possible EU harmonisation of seat transfers is expected to have an immense impact on national provisions for reincorporations.

Reincorporations constitute a significant corporate restructuring technique with important practical implications on the economy. Apart from academics, this paper attracts the interest of lawyers, managers, accountants, officers of supervisory and regulatory bodies and policymakers engaged with reincorporations.

This is one of the few academic papers comparing Greek and Cyprus company law and private international law. It is the first paper that compares the Greek and Cyprus legal framework of reincorporations.

The reasons for the high level of interest in quality standards and quality management have arisen because of the continued growth in world trade and the need of countries for an ever‐increasing strategy to have access to the world markets. The far‐reaching political changes in many countries, coupled with the transition to market economies and the desire to participate in the global market‐place, contribute well to the interest. The design of questions in the questionnaire was based on the people’s thinking, concepts or philosophies of the published ISO quality standards. The amalgamation of these useful thoughts, concepts and philosophies would help in developing some quality management strategies that will lead to business excellence performance. This paper outlines the methodologies and bases used in the design of a questionnaire for the investigation of ISO 9000 quality management system status in Hong Kong. The survey itself also assesses the state of development of quality management aspects and identifies the business management strategies that suit the needs of Hong Kong.

To analyze the changes in the perceived benefits of ISO 9000 with the passage of time.

An empirical survey of 399 companies conducted in 2002 in Catalonia (region of Spain).

ISO 9001: 2000 registered organizations report benefits to a lesser extent than their ISO 9001/2/3: 1994 registered counterparts across all studied benefit categories. Considering that the new standard is supposed to be a much improved version of the old one, these findings are then contrasted with the results of an almost identical survey performed in 1998. The discussion demonstrates that the perceived benefits of the ISO 9001/2/3: 1994 implementation have also decreased over time.

These findings may indicate that ISO 9000 will eventually fade away due to the lack of short‐term reasons to implement yet another version in the future, unless substantial long‐term benefits are proven. In July 2002, when this survey was conducted, the number of ISO 9001: 2000 registered companies was still small, constraining more in‐depth research in this field.

This is one of the first papers trying to analyze the benefits and the implications of ISO 9001: 2000. On the other hand, it is probably the first paper that evaluates the evolution of such benefits over time.

Knight's Industrial Law Reports goes into a new style and format as Managerial Law This issue of KILR is restyled Managerial Law and it now appears on a continuous updating basis rather than as a monthly routine affair.

Outlines the methodologies and bases used in the design of questionnaire for the investigation of quality management philosophies and strategies employed in Hong Kong organizations. The design of the questionnaire of the survey was based on people’s thinking and past experiences on quality management, concept and philosophy of some quality standards and Deming’s 14 points on Total Quality Management (TQM). The amalgamation of these useful thoughts, concepts and philosophies would help to develop their quality management and business management strategies that lead to business excellence performance. The survey itself would then further assess the state of development of quality management aspects and identify the future quality management strategies that suit the needs of industries of Hong Kong.

The Howard Shuttering Contractors case throws considerable light on the importance which the tribunals attach to warnings before dismissing an employee. In this case the tribunal took great pains to interpret the intention of the parties to the different site agreements, and it came to the conclusion that the agreed procedure was not followed. One other matter, which must be particularly noted by employers, is that where a final warning is required, this final warning must be “a warning”, and not the actual dismissal. So that where, for example, three warnings are to be given, the third must be a “warning”. It is after the employee has misconducted himself thereafter that the employer may dismiss.

Seeks to analyze changes in the perceived benefits and costs of ISO 9000 implementation over time.

Results of two surveys, performed in 1998 and 2002, with 283 and 399 Catalonian companies participating, respectively, are presented, compared and analyzed.

There has been a significant decrease in the perception of ISO 9000 implementation benefits from 1998 to 2002. However, most companies still believe that ISO 9000 is beneficial overall. ISO 9000 implementation and maintenance costs have substantially decreased in the same four‐year period.

In July 2002, when the second survey was conducted, the majority of the participating companies were still registered to one of the old versions of the standard, namely ISO 9001/2/3:1994. The findings support the notion that ISO 9000 standards are limited in providing a set of concrete benefits over time.

The outcome of the study contributes to a better understanding of the temporal nature of the impact ISO 9000 requirement standards have had on companies.

This is one of the first papers that analyses the benefits and costs of ISO 9000 implementation over time.

The purpose of this article is to explain the implications for registered fund advisors of the February 9, 2012 final amendments the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) made to its Rule 4.5 exemption from commodity pool operator (CPO) registration for registered funds.

This article explains how amended Rule 4.5 will be applied to advisors and sub‐advisors of registered investment companies and the managers of foreign corporations controlled by registered investment companies. The article also describes the expected impact of the CPO compliance regime under a proposed harmonization of CFTC CPO regulation with Securities and Exchange Commission regulation of registered fund advisers.

All registered fund advisers should conduct a review of each of their registered funds' portfolios, investment strategies and marketing materials to evaluate their status as CPOs by the compliance deadline. Advisers who cannot comply with the amended Rule 4.5 by the compliance deadline should prepare for CPO registration.

The paper provides practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.