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Millets are ancient grains, following wheat, that have been a fundamental source of human sustenance. These are nutrient-rich small-seeded grains that have gained prominence and admiration globally due to their super resilience in diverse climates and significant nutritional benefits. As millets are renowned for their nutritional richness, the demand for millet-based products increases. Hence, this paper aims in identifying the growing need for innovative processing techniques that not only preserve their nutritional content but also extend their shelf life.

In traditional times, heat was the only means of cooking and processing of the foods, but the amount of damage they used to cause to the sensorial and nutritional properties was huge. Millets’ sensitivity toward heat poses a challenge, as their composition is susceptible to disruption during various heat treatments and manufacturing processes. To cater to this drawback while ensuring the prolonged shelf life and nutrient preservation, various innovative approaches such as cold plasma, infrared technology and high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) processing are being widely used. These new methodologies aim on inactivating the microorganisms that have been developed within the food, providing the unprocessed, raw and natural form of nutrients in food products.

Among these approaches, nonthermal technology has emerged as a key player that prioritizes brief treatment periods and avoids the use of high temperatures. Nonthermal techniques (cold plasma, infrared radiation, HPP processing, ultra-sonication and pulsed electric field) facilitate the conservation of millet’s nutritional integrity by minimizing the degradation of heat-sensitive nutrients like vitamins and antioxidants. Acknowledging the potential applications and processing efficiency of nonthermal techniques, the food industry has embarked on substantial investments in this technology. The present study provides an in-depth exploration of the array of nonthermal technologies used in the food industry and their effects on the physical and chemical composition of diverse millet varieties.

Nonthermal techniques, compared to conventional thermal methods, are environmentally sound processes that contribute to energy conservation. However, these conveniences are accompanied by challenges, and this review not only elucidates these challenges but also focuses on the future implications of nonthermal techniques.

The purpose of this paper is to give compiled information on previously applied cotton fabric surface modifications. The paper covered most of the modifications done on cotton fabric to improve its properties or to add some functional properties. The paper presented mostly studied research works that brought a significant surface improvement on cotton fabric.

Different previous works on surface modifications of cotton fabrics such as pilling, wrinkle and microbial resistance, hydrophobicity, cationization, flame retardancy and UV-protection characteristics were studied and their methods of modification including the main findings are well reported in this paper.

Several modification treatments on surface modification of cotton fabrics indicated an improvement in the desired properties in which the modification is needed. For instance, the pilling tendency, wrinkling, microbial degradation and UV degradation drawbacks of cotton fabric can be overcome through different modification techniques.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, there are no compressive documents that covered all the portions presented in this review. The author tried to cover the surface modifications done to improve the main properties of cotton fabric.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a unique disposable bed sheet design which reduces infection risk and other related problems from patient to patient and others during staying period at hospitals.

The unique disposable bed sheet consists of three layers which are laminated to each other by hot‐melt technique. Upper and lower layers are different weights of 100 per cent polypropylene produced by spunbond technology. Plasma technology has been used to make the surface of the spunbond polypropylene sheets hydrophilic. Additionally, thermal bond 100 per cent polypropylene sheets, which have hydrophilic surfaces already due to chemical finish have been also used as upper layer. As core layer, different weights of 100 per cent viscose sheets, which have high liquid‐absorption capacity have been used. All three layers have been laminated by hot‐melt technique using etylene vinyl acetate interlayers between them. Antimicrobial effect has been achieved by the impregnation of silver and antibiotic‐based chemicals onto the hydrophilic surface of upper layers. Quality control and performance tests of all these works have been performed according to ISO and BS norms.

It is possible to have very good liquid suction capacity together with superb comfort properties, thanks to its viscose intermediate sheet and excellent wetback values. Moreover, it is initially cheap, hygienic and has enough strength against breaking and tearing.

Cheaper antimicrobial agents and different application amounts should be checked. Also, durability of the hydrophilicity given by plasma treatment has to be checked. Additionally, dermatological tests should be applied.

It is expected that the infection risk at hospitals will be reduced. Moreover, hospitals will be able to use hygienic bed sheets, which would be preferable to the hospital management. Additionally, this unique design can be used for patients at home or for injured animals in veterinary clinics.

Additional staying period due to hospital infections and infections from patient to patient/hospital personnel/visitors/other people will be reduced. Moreover, it is expected that life quality will be raised and dead ratio will be decreased. Beside this, manpower loss and increasing costs due to hospital infections will be prevented.

Design is new and unique. It has practical and social implications.

The incompatibility of natural fibers with polymer matrices is one of the key obstacles restricting their use in polymer composites. The interfacial connection between the fibers and the matrix was weak resulting in a lack of mechanical properties in the composites. Chemical treatments are often used to change the surface features of plant fibers, yet these treatments have significant drawbacks such as using substantial amounts of liquid and chemicals. Plasma modification has recently become very popular as a viable option as it is easy, dry, ecologically friendly, time-saving and reduces energy consumption. This paper aims to explore plasma treatment for improving the surface adhesion characteristics of sisal fibers (SFs) without compromising the mechanical attributes of the fiber.

A cold glow discharge plasma (CGDP) modification using N₂ gas at varied power densities of 80 W and 120 W for 0.5 h was conducted to improve the surface morphology and interfacial compatibility of SF. The mechanical characteristics of unmodified and CGDP-modified SF-reinforced epoxy composite (SFREC) were examined as per the American Society for Testing and Materials standards.

The cold glow discharge nitrogen plasma treatment of SF at 120 W (30 min) enhanced the SFREC by nearly 122.75% superior interlaminar shear strength, 71.09% greater flexural strength, 84.22% higher tensile strength and 109.74% higher elongation. The combination of improved surface roughness and more effective lignocellulosic exposure has been responsible for the increase in the mechanical characteristics of treated composites. The development of hydrophobicity in the SF had been induced by CGDP N₂ modification and enhanced the size of crystals and crystalline structure by removing some unwanted constituents of the SF and etching the smooth lignin-rich surface layer of the SF particularly revealed via FTIR and XRD.

Chemical and physical treatments have been identified as the most efficient ways of treating the fiber surface. However, the huge amounts of liquids and chemicals needed in chemical methods and their exorbitant performance in terms of energy expenditure have limited their applicability in the past decades. The use of appropriate cohesion in addition to stimulating the biopolymer texture without changing its bulk polymer properties leads to the formation and establishment of plasma surface treatments that offer a unified, repeatable, cost-effective and environmentally benign replacement.

The authors are sure that this technology will be adopted by the polymer industry, aerospace, automotive and related sectors in the future.

Natural colorants are believed to be safe because of their nontoxic, noncarcinogenic and biodegradable nature, and also, the demand for natural dyes is steadily increasing. This study aims to investigate the dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics under cold plasma and ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions with Prangos ferulacea.

In the first, some PET fabrics were modified using UV radiation and some others by cold plasma (oxygen/argon), and then the dyeing of fabrics with the natural dye was done (100°C/130°C) without using metallic mordant. Dyeability (color strengths) of the treated samples, colorfastness to washing, light and rubbing, water absorption time, crease recovery angle, air permeability and mechanical behavior were investigated.

The maximum color strength (k/s = 4.87) was achieved for the fabric exposed to UV radiation for 2 h and then dyed with Prangos ferulacea at 130 °C. The results indicated that the dyed fabric showed acceptable colorfastness (very good–excellent) properties in washing and rubbing fastness except for colorfastness to light (moderate). The strength and the angle of crease recovery of treated and dyed samples have increased, while the time of water absorption and air permeability have decreased.

The surface modification of PET (UV radiation and plasma treatment) provides a new idea to improve the dyeability of PET with Prangos ferulacea natural dye without using metallic mordant.

The author's aim is to offer a revolutionary method – the non‐rocket transfer of energy and thrust into Space with distances of millions of kilometers.

The author develops the theory and makes the computations.

The method is more efficient than transmission of energy by high‐frequency waves.

The method may be used for space launch and for acceleration of spaceships and probes to very high speeds, up to relativistic speed by current technology.

The research presented contains prospective projects which illustrate the possibilities of the suggested method.

Plasma technology is often used in textile industries. The aim of this study is to transpose this technology to wood in order to protect it when used outdoors. First experiments have shown that this kind of treatment can be applied either to bare or finished wood. In this study, different plasma coatings of wood surface to create water repellent characteristics are presented. Treatment parameters were optimised and the surface characteristics of the plasma treated substrates were evaluated and compared. If this treatment is sufficiently resistant to weather it could be applied to wood without any other coatings. If it is not sufficiently resistant, it could be applied to a coated wood to extend the durability of the coating. This kind of deposit may also protect wood against fungi.

This paper aims to suggest and research a revolutionary method‐transfer of electricity in outer Space with distance of hundreds of millions kilometers by ultra‐cool plasma cables.

Methods of the plasma and electricity physic are used for research.

Theory of plasma cable transferring is offered, developed and its possibilities researched.

This method uses a high voltage electricity and plasma source (accelerator).

Offers conclusions from the research of a revolutionary new idea‐transferring electric energy in the hard vacuum of outer space wirelessly, using a plasma power cord as an electric cable (wire). He computed the macroprojects: transference of hundreds kilowatts of energy to Earth's Space Station, transferring energy to the Moon or back, transferring energy to a spaceship at distance 100 million of kilometers, the transfer energy to Mars when one is located at opposite side of the distant Sun, transfer colossal energy from one of Earth's continents to another continent (for example, between Europe – USA) wirelessly – using Earth's ionosphere as cable, using Earth as gigantic storage of electric energy, using the plasma ring as huge MagSail for moving of spaceships.

The paper provides information on a revolutionary method for the transfer of electricity in outer space.

Examines the tenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

The purpose of this paper is to: investigate coating of polylactic acid by TiO₂ using low-temperature plasma technique, which is a clean and environmentally benign process; study the characteristics of the obtained samples; and survey the antibacterial effect of nano-TiO₂. This method, as an eco-friendly technology used on the biodegradable polymer, would be benefited by industries which want to set feet on the greener path and reduce the social costs resulting from the harmful effects of pollutants.

TiO₂ was coated on a textile by DC magnetron sputtering. In this study titanium as a pure Ti anode is coated on the sample surface in the plasma reactor by entering argon gas (Ar). Then titanium oxide appears through entering oxygen (O₂) into the reactor.

Scanning electron microscopy analysis is applied to show the morphology of the coated surface. The quantitative value of TiO₂ was evaluated as weight percentage using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and washing stability of the samples is measured using the XRF machine. The highest degree of antibacterial effects and washing stability are all observed in 10 min.

In this process, contrary to common methods, pure Ti is used for coating. Finishing of textiles via this method has been useful to be used as disposable hospital clothing due to its biodegradable and antibacterial properties. So it will be helpful in reducing negative environmental impacts.