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1 – 10 of over 105000John F. Pinfold and Danyang He
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the July 2007 introduction of a pre‐close call auction on the New Zealand stock market and its effect on share pricing quality and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the July 2007 introduction of a pre‐close call auction on the New Zealand stock market and its effect on share pricing quality and market manipulation.
Design/methodology/approach
Market quality was tested using the methodology of Pagano and Schwartz, which is based on changes in market model R2s. Closing price manipulation is detected by comparing mean bid‐ask spread characteristics of the periods before and after the introduction of the pre‐close call auction.
Findings
The closing call auction improves the quality of share pricing and reduces the incidence of market manipulation.
Practical implications
The paper confirms the effectiveness of the changes made to the method of closing the market for all firms in the market.
Originality/value
The paper extends knowledge of the effectiveness of closing call‐auctions. It is the first study in a low‐liquidity market and of shares with very low liquidities. Such markets have lower pricing quality and are more vulnerable to market manipulation. The study establishes the effectiveness of closing auctions in this environment.
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Dan Ma, Chunfeng Wang, Zhenming Fang and Ziwei Wang
The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of closing mechanism changes on market quality, investor trading behavior and market manipulation in the Shanghai…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of closing mechanism changes on market quality, investor trading behavior and market manipulation in the Shanghai stock market.
Design/methodology/approach
A dummy variable is constructed indicating whether the closing mechanism is call auction or continuous auction. Market quality is measured from aspects of liquidity, volatility and price continuity; investor trading behavior is scaled by order timing and order aggressiveness, and a price deviation indicator is the proxy of manipulation. Using panel regression, this study examines the impact of closing mechanism changes based on intraday transaction data from the Shanghai stock market.
Findings
The conclusions are as follows: First, market quality improves after the closing mechanism is reformed in terms of liquidity, volatility and price continuity. Second, order strategy changes significantly in the closing call market, and investors trade more aggressively in the continuous trading period before closing. Third, the closing call mechanism restrains the closing price manipulation and thus prompts an efficient closing price.
Originality/value
This paper examines the policy effects of closing mechanism changes from aspects of market quality, trading behavior and price manipulation, providing pieces of evidence for trading mechanism design and market supervision in emerging markets.
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This paper aims to investigate the extent to which different prices within the bid-ask spread are used for fair value measurements and evaluate the potential consequences thereof…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the extent to which different prices within the bid-ask spread are used for fair value measurements and evaluate the potential consequences thereof.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper investigates different Level 1 fair value measurements of exchange-traded funds’ (ETFs) equity investments. Using descriptive methods, it compares actual and stated fair value measurement policies. In addition, comparative value relevance of these measurements is investigated in regression analysis.
Findings
Most fair value measurements are based on closing prices, but stated accounting policies and actual measurements frequently differ. Results also show that the bid-close spread of underlying investments is value-relevant in determining the bid-close spreads of ETFs themselves.
Research limitations/implications
Findings are specific to unleveraged ETFs, the sample country and sample period used and only apply to investments in listed equities. Conclusions from this study may assist in predicting market perceptions of the risk of listed equity portfolios.
Practical implications
This paper sheds light on the practical impact of the recent change in fair value measurement guidance.
Originality/value
This study provides evidence on the size of the bid-ask spread of actual investment portfolios and its potential impact. It shows that bid-close spreads of underlying investments are used to price the bid-close spreads of ETFs themselves and that stated and actual accounting policies often differ. Findings imply that standard-setters might be influenced by actual accounting practices.
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Patricia L. Chelley‐Steeley and James M. Steeley
On 29 January 2001, Euronext LIFFE introduced single security futures contracts on a range of global companies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that the…
Abstract
Purpose
On 29 January 2001, Euronext LIFFE introduced single security futures contracts on a range of global companies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact that the introduction of these futures contracts had on the behaviour of opening and closing UK equity returns.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper models the price discovery process using the Amihud and Mendelson partial adjustment model which can be estimated using a Kalman filter.
Findings
Empirical results show that during the pre‐futures period both opening and closing returns under‐react to new information. After the introduction of futures contracts opening returns over‐react. A rise in the partial adjustment coefficient also takes place for closing returns but this is not large enough to cause over‐reaction.
Originality/value
This is the first study to examine the impact of a single security futures contract on the speed of spot market price discovery.
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This paper aims to look at the effects of the closing call auction on market quality and behavior by using the natural experiment of its introduction at the Abu Dhabi Stock…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to look at the effects of the closing call auction on market quality and behavior by using the natural experiment of its introduction at the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange.
Design/methodology/approach
Current paper studies the effect of closing call auction on various market quality factors such as liquidity, bid-ask spreads, volatility and market efficiency. Liquidity is proxied by trading volume. Bid-ask spreads provide a measure for the cost of trading in the market. Volatility is measured by using Parkinson’s (1980) volatility as in Huang and Tsai (2008). Last but not least, efficiency will be obtained by estimating a relative return dispersion measure as in Huang and Tsai (2008).
Findings
The introduction of the closing call auction leads to a significant decrease in the trading volume toward the end of the continuous trading. At the same time, trading activity taking place during the call auction significantly increases. This implies a redistribution of liquidity. The implementation of the closing call auction also improves market quality by reducing market inefficiency in terms of firm-specific noise. The study also documents that there exists no significant change in the cost of trading and intraday volatility in the post-period following the adoption of closing call auction.
Originality/value
This current study is the first one looking at this topic for the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange. Specifically, this paper looks at the changes in trading volume, bid-ask spreads, intraday return volatility and market efficiency after the implementation of the closing call mechanism.
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Kala Nisha Gopinathan, Punniyamoorthy Murugesan and Joshua Jebaraj Jeyaraj
This study aims to provide the best estimate of a stock's next day's closing price for a given day with the help of the hidden Markov model–Gaussian mixture model (HMM-GMM). The…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to provide the best estimate of a stock's next day's closing price for a given day with the help of the hidden Markov model–Gaussian mixture model (HMM-GMM). The results were compared with Hassan and Nath’s (2005) study using HMM and artificial neural network (ANN).
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted an initialization approach wherein the hidden states of the HMM are modelled as GMM using two different approaches. Training of the HMM-GMM model is carried out using two methods. The prediction was performed by taking the closest closing price (having a log-likelihood within the tolerance range) to that of the present one as the closing price for the next day. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) has been used to compare the proposed GMM-HMM model against the models of the research study (Hassan and Nath, 2005).
Findings
Comparing this study with Hassan and Nath (2005) reveals that the proposed model outperformed in 66 out of the 72 different test cases. The results affirm that the model can be used for more accurate time series prediction. Further, compared with the results of the ANN model from Hassan's study, the proposed HMM model outperformed 24 of the 36 test cases.
Originality/value
The study introduced a novel initialization and two training/prediction approaches for the HMM-GMM model. It is to be noted that the study has introduced a GMM-HMM-based closing price estimator for stock price prediction. The proposed method of forecasting the stock prices using GMM-HMM is explainable and has a solid statistical foundation.
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Kim Hin David Ho and Shea Jean Tay
The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk neutral and non-risk neutral pricing of Singapore Real Estate Investment Trusts (S-REITs) via comparing the average of the…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk neutral and non-risk neutral pricing of Singapore Real Estate Investment Trusts (S-REITs) via comparing the average of the individual ratios (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price) with the ratio (of standard deviation/mean) for closing prices via the binomial options pricing tree model.
Design/methodology/approach
If the ratio (of standard deviation/mean) ratio > the ratio (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price), then the deviation of closing prices from the expected risk neutral prices is not significant and that the S-REIT is consistent with risk neutral pricing. If the ratio (of deviation between expected and observed closing price/observed closing price) is greater, then the S-REIT is not consistent with risk neutral pricing.
Findings
Capitacommercial Trust (CCT), Capitamall Trust (CMT) and Keppel Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) have large positive differences between the two ratios (39.86, 30.79 and 18.96 percent, respectively), implying that these S-REITs are not trading at risk neutral pricing. Suntec REIT has a small positive difference of 2.35 percent between both ratios, implying that it is trading at risk neutral pricing. Ascendas REIT has the largest negative difference between the two ratios at −4.24 percent, to be followed by Mapletree Logistics Trust at −0.44 percent. Both S-REITs are trading at risk neutral pricing. The analysis shows that CCT, CMT and Keppel REIT exhibit risk averse pricing.
Research limitations/implications
Results are consistent with prudential asset allocation for viable S-REIT portfolio investing but that not all these S-REITs exhibit strong market efficiency in their pricing.
Practical implications
Pricing may be risk neutral over a certain period but investor sentiments, fear of risks and speculative activities could affect an S-REIT’s risk neutrality.
Social implications
With enhanced risk diversification activities, the S-REITs should attain risk neutral pricing.
Originality/value
Virtually no research of this nature has been undertaken for S-REITS.
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Dhiaa Shamki and Azhar Abdul Rahman
The paper aims to examine the influence of financial disclosure (FD) level and time on the value relevance of earnings, book value, and cash flows relative to three share price…
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to examine the influence of financial disclosure (FD) level and time on the value relevance of earnings, book value, and cash flows relative to three share price proxies, namely average annual share price, annual closing share price, and share price after a three-month period following the financial year-end for Jordanian companies.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper employs price model to examine the influence of FD level and time on the value relevance of three accounting variables relative to three share price proxies for 91 Jordanian companies (consisting of 5,460 observations) within 2004-2009.
Findings
Relative to three share price proxies, the findings proved that FD level and time have a significant influence on the value relevance of book value, but not for cash flows. Also, FD level and time have a significant influence on the value relevance of earnings relative to annual closing share price, while they are not relative to share price after a three-month period following the financial year-end. FD time has a significant influence on the value relevance of earnings relative to the average annual share price. Annual closing share price is the most reliable in indicating value relevance of accounting information.
Originality/value
The paper confirms that there is a shift away from earnings towards book value as the basis for firm valuation. Market participants might be able to conclude the firm value through the value relevance of accounting information influenced by company's FD.
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Diego A. Agudelo, Ángelo Gutiérrez Daza and Nazly J. Múnera Montoya
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of X‐Stream, the new trading platform of the Colombian Stock Exchange since February 2009, on the market quality.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of X‐Stream, the new trading platform of the Colombian Stock Exchange since February 2009, on the market quality.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors test the effect of X‐Stream on market quality variables, such as liquidity (bid‐ask spread and price impact), daily and intraday volatility and trading activity, using mean tests, panel data and conditional variance models. The authors use a proprietary database of transactions and orders from the exchange.
Findings
The evidence suggests that X‐Stream improved the liquidity and trading activity and reduced the volatility of the overall market, especially of the most liquid stocks.
Practical implications
These results support the investment on more sophisticated trading systems in emerging markets.
Originality/value
Contributing to the literature on market quality, this paper provides novel evidence of the effect of reforms on market design, trading rules and operational capabilities on a small and low‐liquidity emerging stock market.
Resumen
Se investiga el efecto de la plataforma de transacción de acciones de BVC, X‐Stream, en la calidad del mercado accionario a partir de su lanzamiento en Febrero del 2009. Partiendo de una base de datos transaccional de BVC, se emplean varios modelos econométricos para medir el efecto de la nueva plataforma en las volatilidades diaria e intradiaria, la liquidez (margen proporcional de oferta y demanda e impacto en el precio) y la actividad bursátil. La evidencia demuestra que X‐Stream mejoró la liquidez y redujo la volatilidad del mercado accionario como un todo, pero especialmente en las acciones más líquidas. Esta investigación contribuye a la literatura en calidad de mercado al aportar nueva evidencia sobre el efecto de los cambios de diseño, reglas de transacción y capacidades operacionales en un mercado accionario de reducidos tamaño y liquidez. De esta manera, sirve como argumento para justificar inversiones en sistemas avanzados de transacción en mercados emergentes.
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Robert Hull, Rosemary Walker and Sungkyu Kwak
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of R&D manipulation on stock valuation for periods around IPOs. Insider manipulation is the difference in actual R&D change…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of R&D manipulation on stock valuation for periods around IPOs. Insider manipulation is the difference in actual R&D change minus predicted R&D change where a negative difference indicates R&D underinvestment.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is designed to build on prior IPO research that has found reduced R&D expenditures when insiders lower their ownership. The paper derives an R&D manipulation variable that measures underinvestment in R&D. This variable is used in a regression methodology to test its influence on: IPO stock valuation at various points in time and post‐IPO price changes relative to the offer price.
Findings
The paper discovers that greater underinvestment in R&D is associated with greater values during the IPO stock valuation process. This association is reversed when the paper looks at short‐term valuation based on market prices. Only for bubble period IPOs do the paper finds poorer valuations for the long‐term. Larger insider ownership decreases lead to poorer valuations regardless of the period of occurrence. Greater R&D underinvestment and insider ownership decreases both lead to less underpricing.
Research limitations/implications
Like prior research, the paper assumes that knowledge about the change in R&D is known at the time of the offering. Interpretations for long‐run results can be tenuous due to unexpected changes that occur over time.
Practical implications
Investors should note that managers are able to set higher offer prices when they inflate earnings by underinvesting in R&D. Buying at an inflated offer price with R&D manipulation leads to losses in the aftermarket with these losses associated with IPOs that occur during a bubble period.
Social implications
Misrepresentation during the IPO valuation process affects those who buy shares at inflated prices. This raises ethical questions about the behavior of those involved in the issuance process.
Originality/value
This study is unique in testing how R&D manipulation and changes in insider ownership proportions impact the: IPO valuation process, post‐IPO valuation, and changes in the stock price over time relative to the offer price.
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