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This paper lays out a road map for computer‐integrated design and manufacture of building‐specific cladding systems, describing the key implementation phases and highlighting domains (supply chain organization, software vendors, suppliers, process modellers, etc.) involved in each phase. It takes a holistic look at the way forward, identifying that such a long‐term transformation will need to be managed strategically both at a company and sector level and that training and education within the sector will be pivotal. The development of appropriate cladding information standards is seen as an essential enabler and as a catalyst for change.

Thick composite claddings of carbides on a metal matrix are ideal for use in components that are subject to severe abrasive wear. It is a metal matrix composite (MMC) that is reinforced by an appropriate ceramic phase and nano-diamond cladding to reduce friction and to protect the opposing surface. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

This work evaluated the wear performance of carbon steel cladded with TiC/nano-diamond powders by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method. The microstructures, chemical compositions, and wear characteristics of cladded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

The cladding was uniform, continuous, and almost defect-free, and particles were evenly distributed throughout the cladding layer. The results of wear test indicate that the friction coefficient of the TiC+1.5% nano-diamond cladding is lower than that of AISI 1020 carbon steel. Thus, the wear scar area of the TiC+1.5% nano-diamond cladding is only one-tenth of the AISI 1020 carbon steel.

The experiments in this study confirm that, by reducing friction and anti-wear, the cladding layer prepared using the proposed methods can prolong machinery operating life.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the wear performance of carbon steel cladded with TiC powders by gas tungsten arc welding method. Because of poor wear resistance, carbon steels have limited industrial applications as tribological components.

The cladding microstructures were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer. The wear behavior of the clad layer was studied with a block-on-ring tribometer.

The experimental results revealed that the metallurgical interface provided an excellent bond between the cladding and the carbon steel substrate. The cladding revealed no porosity or cracking, and particles were evenly distributed throughout the cladding layer. Hardness was increased from HRc 6.6 in the substrate to HRc 62 in the cladded layer due to the presence of the hard TiC phase.

The experiments confirm that the cladding surfaces of TiC particles reduce wear rate and friction. Increasing TiC contents also improves hardness and wear resistance at room temperature and under dry sliding wear conditions.

This paper aims to compare the wear performance of carbon steel specimens clad with TiC, WC and TiN powders by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method under optimum processing conditions.

Various ceramic powders (TiC, WC and TiN) with equal percentages by weight were prepared for use as cladding materials to compare their effects on wear resistance. The wear behaviors of different cladding specimens were evaluated with a rotating-type tribometer under dry sliding conditions. The cladding microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry.

The experimental results confirmed that the hardness was also much higher in the carbon steel with cladding than in carbon steel without cladding. The pin-on-disc wear test showed that the wear-resistance of ceramics clad with TiC is better than that in ceramics clad with WC or TiN. The wear scar area of the specimen with TiC cladding was only one-tenth that of carbon steel without cladding.

The experiments confirm that the cladding surfaces of ceramic particles reduce wear rate and friction.

The restoration and strengthening of QT600 is an industry bottleneck challenge. The Co-12 cladding layer has great wear and corrosion resistance. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively reveal the transient evolution law of the corrosion process of Co-12 cladding layer on QT600 surface.

In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model of the corrosion process of Co-12 cladding layer by QT600 laser cladding is established. The interaction between pitting pits and corrosion medium is considered to reveal the transient evolution of ion concentration, electrode potential, pH and corrosion rate at different locations.

The calculation shows that the ion concentration in pitting pit changes Cl⁻>Co²⁺>Na⁺, pH value decreases from top to bottom and corrosion rate at bottom is greater than that at top. The electrochemical corrosion test of Co-12 cladding layer was carried out. It is shown that the current density of QT600 increases by an order of magnitude compared to the Co-12 cladding layer, and the corrosion rate is 4.862 times higher than that of the cladding layer.

The results show that Co-12 cladding layer has great corrosion resistance, which provides an effective way for QT600 protection.

The cladding of a modern building is a critical, and expensive, specialist sub‐system of the total building. This paper is concerned with modelling the supply chain processes within the building cladding sector of the UK construction industry. The modelling was conducted within the context of CIMclad, a research project involving a consortia of universities and industry that is seeking to move the cladding sector towards computer integrated design and manufacture. The goal was to better understand the existing supply chain processes. These processes are complex and span a diverse range of players, each of whom may play one or more roles. The methodology employed was a combination of informal mapping of the procurement chain and the application of formal process modelling techniques.

Current commercial rapid prototyping systems can be used for fabricating layered models for subsequent creation of fully‐dense metal parts using investment casting. Due to increased demand for shortened product development cycles however, there exists a demand to rapidly fabricate functional fully‐dense metal parts without hard tooling. A possible solution to this problem is direct layered rapid manufacturing of such parts, for example, via laser‐beam fusion of the metal powder. The rapid manufacturing process discussed herein is based on this approach. It involves selective laser‐beam scanning of a predeposited metal‐powder layer, forming fully‐dense claddings as the basic building block of individual layers. This paper specifically addresses only one of the fundamental issues of the rapid manufacturing process under investigation at the University of Toronto, namely the fabrication of single claddings. Our theoretical investigation of the influence of the process parameters on cladding’s geometrical properties employed thermal modeling and computer process simulation. Numerous experiments, involving fabrication of single claddings, were also carried out with varying process parameters. Comparisons of the process simulations and experimental results showed good agreement in terms of overall trends.

The purpose of this paper is to quantify leaky building stigma associated with monolithic claddings, explore how this stigma has likely been amplified by media coverage, estimate the number of affected properties and quantify the collective house price impact on homeowners of monolithic‐clad dwellings in the Auckland region.

Residential sales transaction data organised in two subgroups (single‐family houses and multi‐unit dwellings) from 1997 through 2006 are analysed using a series of annual hedonic pricing models to empirically test for the presence of stigma. This is coupled with a descriptive analysis of leaky building media coverage to understand how this coverage may be influencing the stigma.

The empirical results show that a leaky building stigma exists and is discounting prices of the Auckland Region's monolithic‐clad single family houses by 5 per cent and multi‐unit dwellings by 10 per cent. Approximately 37,500 monolithic‐clad dwellings have been built in the region since 1992 and their homeowners have suffered an estimated $1 billion reduction in property values due to leaky building stigma.

Although leaky building stigma primarily relates to monolithic claddings, this stigma reflects elevated weathertightness risks associated with several Mediterranean‐style architectural features.

The study's findings can be directly applied to residential valuation practice and can assist the New Zealand government more accurately assess the full economic cost of the nation's leaky building problem.

This research provides an initial empirical study on stigma associated with leaky building syndrome. The findings offer direction to further research on other domestic and international housing markets that are experiencing similar stigma phenomenon.

Laser cladding deposition is limited in industrial application by the micro-defects and residual tensile stress for the thermal forming process, leading to lower fatigue strength compared with that of the forging. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to reduce stress and defects.

A hybrid process of laser cladding deposition and shot peening is presented to transform surface strengthening technology to the overall strengthening technology through layer-by-layer forming and achieve enhancement.

The results show that the surface stress of the sample formed by the hybrid process changed from tensile stress to compressive stress, and the surface compressive stress introduced could reach more than four times the surface tensile stress of the laser cladding sample. At the same time, internal micro-defects such as pores were reduced. The porosity of the sample formed by the hybrid process was reduced by 90.12% than that of the laser cladding sample, and the surface roughness was reduced by 43.16%.

The authors believe that the hybrid process proposed in this paper can significantly expand the potential application of laser cladding deposition by solving its limitations, promoting its efficiency and applicability in practical cases.

The purpose of this study is to review and summarise the existing available literature on lightweight cladding systems to provide detailed information on fire behaviour (ignitibility, heat release rate and smoke toxicity) and various test method protocols. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges and provides updated knowledge and recommendation on selective-fire mechanisms such as rapid-fire spread, air cavity and fire re-entry behaviours due to dripping and melting of lightweight composite claddings.

A comprehensive literature review on fire behaviour, fire hazard and testing methods of lightweight composite claddings has been conducted in this research. In summarising all possible fire hazards, particular attention is given to the potential impact of toxicity of lightweight cladding fires. In addition, various criteria for fire performance evaluation of lightweight composite claddings are also highlighted. These evaluations are generally categorised as small-, intermediate- and large-scale test methods.

The major challenges of lightweight claddings are rapid fire spread, smoke production and toxicity and inconsistency in fire testing.

The review highlights the current challenges in cladding fire, smoke toxicity, testing system and regulation to provide some research recommendations to address the identified challenges.