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This paper attempts to construct a public‐key coding system using grey generation and braid group.

The identification (ID) codes of both sides for communication are public for everyone and considered as public keys. Starting from the ID code of both sides of communication, the temporary secret key of communication can be obtained by the grey 1‐AGO algorithm first. Then the new formal common secret key can be obtained by using the element exchangeability of the braid group during the exchanging process of the temporary secret key between two sides of communication. The paper presents an exchange protocol of secret key based on grey data generation and braid group. It also constructs a cipher communication system by using Hash function based on the exchange protocol of secret key last.

The exchange protocol of secret key and the system of cipher communication which are proposed in this paper make use of the difficult problem of resolving disper se logarithm from generated code to ID code and the conjugate problem which is not ever resolved in braid group, which can ensure the security of the algorithm theoretically.

The main steps of the exchange protocol and cipher communication system in this paper can be achieved through a computer program. They can be used in many communication processes on the internet.

The paper succeeds in realising both secret key generation and exchanging protocol of communication by using grey systems theory and braid group properties.

The information explosion had led to the emergence of electronic crime both in the transfer of electronic funds and the gaining of information. Reports on the introduction of the clipper chip to protect information and gives a discription of how it works, giving definitions of various terms. Examines a number of problems associated with the chip: trade; effectiveness; Constitutionality; reliability; necessity. Suggests places of contact for further investigation and information.

This paper presents recently published resources on library instruction and information literacy, providing an introductory overview and a selected annotated bibliography of publications covering various library types, study populations and research contexts.

This paper introduces and annotates English-language periodical articles, monographs, dissertations, reports and other materials on library instruction and information literacy published in 2020.

The paper provides a brief description of all 440 sources and highlights sources that contain unique or significant scholarly contributions.

The information may be used by librarians, researchers and anyone interested in a quick and comprehensive reference to literature on library instruction and information literacy.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight how, and why, some small and medium‐sized high‐tech Japanese firms apply and assess the “intellectual asset‐based management” (IAbM) guidelines issued by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in October 2005.

This is an interpretive case study linking semi‐structured interview and document data from four Japanese firms that have issued IAbM reports containing ideas about the processes of creating knowledge and routines in their organizations.

The findings indicate that the firms studied essentially follow the guidelines, although pinpointing how this affects their internal management is difficult. The IAbM report is primarily used for external communication, with the capital market and with existing and potential customers.

The practical implications found in this paper relate mainly to the four challenges found already in research by Johanson, i.e. uniqueness versus comparability, confidentiality versus accountability, market communication and management control.

The unique features of this paper are found mainly in the empirical parts, where the guidelines and the sample of small and medium‐sized Japanese firms form an interesting and seldom used empirical point of departure. The findings concerning actual use and interpretation of a guideline could also, of course, be regarded as a distinctive aspect of this paper.

It is increasingly difficult to ignore the importance of anonymity on the internet. Tor has been proposed as a reliable way to keep our identity secret from governments and organizations. This research evaluates its ability to protect our activity on the Web.

Using traffic analysis over ACK packets among others, fingerprints of websites can be created and later on used to recognise Tor traffic.

Tor does not add enough entropy to HTTP traffic, which allows us to recognise the access to static websites without breaking Tor's cryptography.

This work shows that the method presented behaves well with a limited set of fingerprints. Further research should be performed on its reliability with larger sets.

Tor has been used by political dissidents and citizens in countries without freedom of speech to access banned websites such as Twitter or Facebook. This paper shows that it might be possible for their countries to know what they have done.

This paper shows that while Tor does a good work keeping the content of our communication, it is weak protecting the identity of the website being accessed.

Analyses the state of the management consultancy industry in Britain, from both a supply and a demand perspective. Aims to help potential clients evaluate and select consultants; to keep academics in business‐related subjects abreast of developments in the field; and to identify growth areas into which consultants might elect to move. Outlines available consulting specialisms, identifies key players in each, and profiles a typical management consultant.

The paper aims to develop a systematic approach to design, integrate, and implement a set of crypto cores in a system-on-chip SoC) environment for data security applications. The advanced encryption standard (AES) and PRESENT block ciphers are deployed together, leading to a common crypto chip for performing encryption and decryption operations.

An integrated very large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture and its implementation for the AES and PRESENT ciphers is proposed. As per the choice, the architecture performs encryption or decryption operations for the selected cipher. Experimental results of the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementations and related design analysis are provided.

FPGA implementation of the architecture on Xilinx xc5vfx70t-1-ff1136 device consumes 19% slices, whereas the ASIC design is implemented in 180 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ASIC technology that takes 1.0746 mm² of standard cell area and consumes 14.26 mW of power at 50 MHz clock frequency. A secure audio application using the designed architecture on an open source SoC environment is also provided. A test methodology for validation of the designed chip using an FPGA-based platform and tools is discussed.

The proposed architecture is compared with a set of existing hardware architectures for analyzing various design metrics such as latency, area, maximum operating frequency, power, and throughput.

This paper seeks to advance research and strategies that lead to a heightened awareness of the need to protect data from disclosure, to guarantee the authenticity of data and messages, and to protect systems from network‐based attacks.

The paper introduces the necessary mathematics of cryptography: integer and modular arithmetic, linear congruence, Euclidean and extended Euclidean algorithm, Fermat's theorem, and Elliptic curve.

The results indicate that encryption has expanded beyond confidentiality concerns to include techniques for message integrity checking, sender/receiver identity authentication, digital signatures, interactive proofs, and secure computation.

The results of this research show that all forms of e‐commerce activities such as online credit card processing, purchasing stocks, and banking data processing, if compromised, would lead to businesses losing billions of dollars in lost revenues as well as losing confidence in e‐commerce. In the last few years, it had been reported that organizations that store and maintain customers' private and confidential records were compromised on many occasions by hackers breaking into the data networks and stealing the records from the storage media.

This paper tackles one of the most critical problems of securing data networks. Security problems arise among other things to resource and workload sharing; complexity of interconnected networks; authentication of users; fast expandability of networks; threats to networks such as wiretapping and violations of the seven pillars of security: authentication, authorization, privacy, integrity, non‐repudiation, availability, and audit.

Embedded systems, Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile computing devices are used in various domains which include public-private infrastructure, industrial installation and critical environment. Generally, information handled by these devices is private and critical. Therefore, it must be appropriately secured from different attacks and hackers. Lightweight cryptography is an aspiring field which investigates the implementation of cryptographic primitives and algorithms for resource constrained devices. In this paper, a new compact hybrid lightweight encryption technique has been proposed. Proposed technique uses the fastest bit permutation instruction PERMS with S-box of PRESENT block cipher for non-linearity. An arbitrary n-bit permutation is performed using PERMS instruction in less than log (n) number of instructions. This new hybrid system has been analyzed for software performance on Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) and Intel processor whereas Cadens tool is used to analyze the hardware performance. The result of the proposed technique is improved by the factor of eight as compared to the PRESENT-GRP hybrid block cipher. Moreover, PERMS instruction bit permutation properties result a very good avalanche effect and compact implementation in the both hardware and software environment.

There is a wide range of opinion as to the purpose for which chemical abstracts are prepared, varying from the view that they should be little more than a record of the title, author and reference, to that which vaguely hopes that they will contain ‘everything of importance’ from the original communication, and in some way, thereby, save the reader the trouble of consulting that original. There is an element of justification for both views, and it is of value to define the purpose of the chemical abstract in some detail.