Books and journals Case studies Expert Briefings Open Access
Advanced search

Search results

1 – 10 of 11
To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 14 September 2020

Proactive policing in the United States: a national survey

Christopher S. Koper, Cynthia Lum, Xiaoyun Wu and Noah Fritz

To measure the practice and management of proactive policing in local American police agencies and assess them in comparison to recommendations of the National Academies…

HTML
PDF (213 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

To measure the practice and management of proactive policing in local American police agencies and assess them in comparison to recommendations of the National Academies of Sciences (NAS) Committee on Proactive Policing.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted with a national sample of American police agencies having 100 or more sworn officers to obtain detailed information about the types of proactive work that officers engage in, to quantify their proactive work and to understand how the agencies measure and manage those activities. Responding agencies (n = 180) were geographically diverse and served populations of approximately half a million persons on average.

Findings

Proactivity as practiced is much more limited in scope than what the NAS envisions. Most agencies track only a few forms of proactivity and cannot readily estimate how much uncommitted time officers have available for proactive work. Measured proactivity is mostly limited to traffic stops, business and property checks and some form of directed or general preventive patrol. Many agencies have no formal policy in place to define or guide proactive activities, nor do they evaluate officer performance on proactivity with a detailed and deliberate rubric.

Originality/value

This is the first national survey that attempts to quantify proactive policing as practiced broadly in the United States. It provides context to the NAS recommendations and provides knowledge about the gap between practice and those recommendations.

Details

Policing: An International Journal, vol. 43 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2020-0086
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Policing
  • Proactive policing
  • Police survey
  • Crime analysis

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 10 June 2019

The rapid diffusion of license plate readers in US law enforcement agencies

Cynthia Lum, Christopher S. Koper, James Willis, Stephen Happeny, Heather Vovak and Jordan Nichols

The purpose of this paper is to document the diffusion of license plate readers (LPRs) in the USA, examining the variety, evolution and tracking of their uses through a…

HTML
PDF (462 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to document the diffusion of license plate readers (LPRs) in the USA, examining the variety, evolution and tracking of their uses through a national survey.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs a national, stratified, representative survey of US law enforcement agencies with 100 or more officers.

Findings

LPR technology is currently used by at least two-thirds of larger police agencies, which represents a more than threefold increase in LPR acquisition in the last 10 years. The number of LPRs per agency, while small (about eight on average), has also more than doubled. Federal and state funding, advocacy by law enforcement leaders, and the intuitive appeal of LPRs have likely contributed to this rapid adoption. While LPRs are still primarily used to detect and recover stolen automobiles in patrol, their use has expanded into other types of investigative and security functions. Despite the increased use and numbers of LPRs in policing, their use is highly discretionary and infrequently tracked.

Practical implications

LPRs continue to be widely used in law enforcement, despite a lack of strong research evidence for their crime prevention benefits. Further studies are needed on the most effective ways for agencies to utilize small numbers of LPRs and the potential return on investment for acquiring larger numbers of the devices.

Originality/value

This study tracks the history of LPR diffusion and use and goes beyond prior law enforcement surveys by examining specific uses of LPRs and the extent to which agencies track their uses and outcomes.

Details

Policing: An International Journal, vol. 42 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2018-0054
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Technology
  • Diffusion
  • Policing
  • License plate readers

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 16 August 2013

Gun violence prevention practices among local police in the United States

Christopher S. Koper, Daniel J. Woods and Bruce E. Kubu

The purpose of the study is to examine gun violence prevention practices among urban police in the USA, assessing their scope, effectiveness, limitations, and impacts.

HTML
PDF (179 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to examine gun violence prevention practices among urban police in the USA, assessing their scope, effectiveness, limitations, and impacts.

Design/methodology/approach

A national survey was conducted with police agencies serving cities of 100,000 or more people.

Findings

Strategies used most frequently and rated as most effective include targeted efforts focussed on high‐risk places and groups, as well as multi‐agency problem‐solving efforts, particularly those involving federal authorities. However, most agencies make limited use of proactive strategies to reduce gun crime, and there are substantial gaps in the enforcement of many gun laws. Results also suggest that gun crime is lower in places where police engage in more intensive gun‐related enforcement and prevention efforts.

Research limitations/implications

The survey focussed only on large US cities. Implementation of the strategies could not be examined in detail, and assessments of the effectiveness of strategies reflect the views of practitioners. There is a need for more in‐depth research on gun‐related enforcement and prevention practices, their effectiveness, and the organizational and environmental factors that facilitate or hinder them.

Practical implications

The study highlights strategies that should be given priority consideration in policy decisions. The findings also suggest that police efforts to address gun crime can be enhanced considerably – and that doing so may produce demonstrable reductions in gun crime. Further examination of policy changes necessary to facilitate these efforts is warranted.

Originality/value

This study represents the first national survey of gun violence reduction efforts by police in the USA.

Details

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, vol. 36 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2012-0052
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Police
  • Firearms
  • Violence
  • Enforcement
  • Prevention
  • National
  • Survey
  • Urban
  • Effectiveness
  • USA

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 26 November 2019

The practice of proactive traffic stops

Xiaoyun Wu and Cynthia Lum

Empirical research suggests that traffic enforcement is the most common type of proactive activity police officers engage in on a daily basis. Further, agencies often use…

HTML
PDF (232 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

Empirical research suggests that traffic enforcement is the most common type of proactive activity police officers engage in on a daily basis. Further, agencies often use traffic enforcement to achieve both traffic safety and crime control. Given these goals, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether (and to what extent) officers are accurately targeting their proactive traffic enforcement with crime and vehicle crashes in two agencies.

Design/methodology/approach

The study examines traffic enforcement patterns in two agencies to see whether proactive traffic enforcement aligns spatially with crime and vehicle crashes. This study employs negative binomial regression models with clustered standard errors to investigate this alignment at the micro-spatial level. Key variables of interest are measured with police calls for service data, traffic citation data and vehicle crash data from two law enforcement jurisdictions.

Findings

High levels of spatial association are observed between traffic accidents and crime in both agencies, lending empirical support to the underlying theories of traffic enforcement programs that also try to reduce crime (i.e. “DDACTS”). In both agencies, traffic accidents also appear to be the most prominent predictor of police proactive traffic enforcement activities, even across different times of day. However, when vehicle crashes are accounted for, the association between crime and traffic stops is weaker, even during times of day when agencies believe they are using proactive traffic enforcement as a crime deterrent.

Originality/value

No prior study to authors knowledge has examined the empirical association between police proactive traffic activities and crime and traffic accidents in practice. The current study seeks to fill that void by investigating the realities of traffic stops as practiced daily by police officers, and their alignment with crime and vehicle crashes. Such empirical inquiry is especially important given the prevalent use of traffic enforcement as a common proactive policing tool by police agencies to control both traffic and crime problems.

Details

Policing: An International Journal, vol. 43 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2019-0089
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Crime prevention
  • Traffic enforcement
  • Proactive policing
  • Traffic accident prevention

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 23 October 2007

Cybernetic principles for learning design

Bernard Scott, Simon Shurville, Piers Maclean and Chunyu Cong

This paper aims to present an approach from first principles to the design of learning experiences in interactive learning environments, that is “learning designs” in the…

HTML
PDF (304 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present an approach from first principles to the design of learning experiences in interactive learning environments, that is “learning designs” in the broadest sense.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach is based on conversation theory (CT), a theory of learning and teaching with principled foundations in cybernetics. The approach to learning design that is proposed is not dissimilar from other approaches such as that proposed by Rowntree. However, its basis in CT provides a coherent theoretical underpinning.

Findings

Currently, in the world of e‐learning, the terms “instructional design” and “learning design” are used to refer to the application of theories of learning and instruction to the creation of e‐learning material and online learning experiences. The paper examines the roots of the two terms and discusses similarities and differences in usage. It then discusses how the processes of learning design fit into the larger processes of course, design, development and delivery. It goes on to examine the concept of a “learning design pattern”.

Originality/value

The paper contends that, whilst learning design patterns are useful as starting‐points for individual learning designs, learning designers should adopt the cybernetic principles of reflective practice – as expressed in CT – to create learning designs where received wisdom is enriched by contextual feedback from colleagues and learners.

Details

Kybernetes, vol. 36 no. 9/10
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920710827445
ISSN: 0368-492X

Keywords

  • Cybernetics
  • Learning
  • Design

Content available
Article
Publication date: 11 February 2019

Port performance measurement in the context of port choice: an MCDA approach

Jafar Rezaei, Linde van Wulfften Palthe, Lori Tavasszy, Bart Wiegmans and Frank van der Laan

Port performance and port choice have been treated as separate streams of research. This hampers the efforts of ports to anticipate on and respond to possible future…

Open Access
HTML
PDF (367 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

Port performance and port choice have been treated as separate streams of research. This hampers the efforts of ports to anticipate on and respond to possible future changes in port choice by shippers, freight forwarders and carriers. The purpose of this paper is to develop and demonstrate a port performance measurement methodology, extended from the perspective of port choice, which includes hinterland performance and a weighting of attributes from a port choice perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of literature is used to extend the scope of port performance indicators. Multi-criteria decision analysis is used to operationalize the context of port choice, presenting a weighted approach using the Best-Worst Method (BWM). An empirical model is built based on an extensive port stakeholder survey.

Findings

Transport costs and times along the transport chain are the dominant factors for port competitiveness. Satisfaction, reputation and flexibility criteria are the other important decision criteria. The results also show how the availability of different modal alternatives impact on the position of a port. A ranking of routes for hinterland regions is done.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on two extensions of port performance measurement. So far, not all factors that determine port choice have been included in port performance studies. Here, first, factors related to hinterland services are included. Second, a weighting of port performance measures is proposed. The importance of factors is assessed using BWM. The approach is demonstrated empirically for a case of the European contestable hinterland regions, which so far have lacked quantitative analysis.

Details

Management Decision, vol. 57 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2018-0482
ISSN: 0025-1747

Keywords

  • MCDA
  • Best-Worst Method
  • BWM
  • Multi-criteria decision analysis
  • Port performance measurement

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 15 August 2016

Police body worn cameras: a mixed method approach assessing perceptions of efficacy

William V. Pelfrey Jr and Steven Keener

The importance of body-worn cameras (BWC) in policing cannot be overstated. This is not a hyperbolic statement – use of force incidents in Ferguson and Baltimore, the…

HTML
PDF (132 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

The importance of body-worn cameras (BWC) in policing cannot be overstated. This is not a hyperbolic statement – use of force incidents in Ferguson and Baltimore, the ensuing riots, coupled with critical long term implications for police community relations demonstrate the need for BWC data. Few studies have been published on the use of BWCs and little is known about officer perceptions, administrator decision making, and agency use of BWC data. No published studies incorporate qualitative data, which lends important context and depth, in the interpretation of officer survey data. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study presents a mixed-method study of a large university police agency prior to full implementation of BWC. A survey of patrol officers and supervisors, using a census approach with near full participation, coupled with focus group interviews, produced data on perceptions, concerns, and expectations of full BWC implementation.

Findings

Findings point to officer concerns regarding the utilization of BWC data and administrative expectations regarding complaint reduction and officer assessment.

Originality/value

Important implications regarding training and policy are presented. BWC data represent an important tool for agency decision makers but have numerous potential negative uses. Understanding officer concerns juxtaposed with administrator expectations, through both survey and qualitative data, advance the knowledge on BWC.

Details

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, vol. 39 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2016-0019
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Police
  • Citizen complaints
  • Body-worn cameras

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 1 March 2003

Sub‐contractor and customer sourcing and the occurrence of disturbances in firms’ inbound and outbound logistics flows

Göran Svensson

This research is based on a mail survey in the Swedish vehicle industry. It is concluded that the sub‐contractor and customer sourcing in the firms’ inbound and outbound…

HTML
PDF (133 KB)

Abstract

This research is based on a mail survey in the Swedish vehicle industry. It is concluded that the sub‐contractor and customer sourcing in the firms’ inbound and outbound logistics flows differ from each other. Furthermore, that there is no association between the sub‐contractor and customer sourcing in the firms’ inbound and outbound logistics flows. Finally, there is in part an association between the sub‐contractor and customer sourcing, and the occurrence of quantitative and qualitative disturbances in firms’ inbound and outbound logistics flows.

Details

Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 8 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13598540310463350
ISSN: 1359-8546

Keywords

  • Sourcing
  • Subcontracting
  • Customers
  • Supply‐chain management
  • Inbound logistics
  • Outbound logistics

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 5 January 2021

Effectiveness of performance measurement framework on manufacturers supply chain – case of Saudi Arabia

Wael Hassan El-Garaihy

This study aims to provide a collaborative supply chain system using a combination of two already existed methods, i.e. levels of decision-making and supply chain…

HTML
PDF (206 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to provide a collaborative supply chain system using a combination of two already existed methods, i.e. levels of decision-making and supply chain operation reference (SCOR).

Design/methodology/approach

A two-phase methodology was conducted based on field analysis and survey analysis. Field analysis included a critical analysis of literature related to supply chain performance measurement and identified related indicators.

Findings

In a survey analysis, a questionnaire was developed to test the established indicators from managers and employees of manufacturing companies. It formulated a novel model for the performance measurement of the supply chain (SC) which included 4 factors (customer, efficiency, flexibility and product), with a total of 31 sub-components.

Originality/value

The structure provides a tied horizontal (SCOR) and vertical (progressive decision) in relation to the features that characterize the SC performance. This system enables the decision-makers to make decisions at the strategic, tactical and operational levels. It reflects the performance measures reliability, authenticity and its application in various SC. It also improves communication with the regional party while ensuring a preventive schedule for maintenance.

Details

Journal of Facilities Management , vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-07-2020-0045
ISSN: 1472-5967

Keywords

  • Decision-making
  • Performance measurement framework
  • Saudi manufacturers
  • Supply chain

To view the access options for this content please click here
Article
Publication date: 2 September 2014

Assessing the evidence of mental health promotion criteria in a pre-registration mental health nursing programme

A.B. Odro, L.K. Dadzie, P. Ryan, D. Collins and R. Lodoiska

This paper is about a single case study of a three-year BSc Mental Health Nursing degree programme based at a London University. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate…

HTML
PDF (626 KB)

Abstract

Purpose

This paper is about a single case study of a three-year BSc Mental Health Nursing degree programme based at a London University. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the extent to which the programme sufficiently addresses the ten quality criteria developed by the “PROMISE” (2009) Mental Health Promotion Project. PROMISE (2009) is a European public health project funded by the European Commission and was conducted from 2009 to 2012. Its aim was the European-wide development of criteria and training guidelines in mental health promotion and recommended these should be integrated into the professional training curricula of nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis method (Bryman, 2012) was used for this case study. This method allowed for a line-by-line scrutiny of the contents of the curriculum for evidence of the ten PROMISE quality criteria for mental health promotion (PROMISE project; http://promise-mental-health.com/training-guidelines.html).

Findings

The findings revealed that the PROMISE (2009) project was not one of the four key documents stated as forming the basis for the design of the curriculum content. However, the study found evidence of the curriculum addressing the first PROMISE criterion of embracing the principles of mental health promotion in seven of the 14 modules (50 per cent) in the programme. In the first year of the programme five of the ten PROMISE quality criteria were embedded in two of the four modules. In year 2, quality criteria 1, 4 and 7 were addressed in the course content of four of the five modules (see Table I). In the final year of the programme PROMISE quality criteria 1, 2, 4 and 8 were embedded in the syllabus and assessment strategy in two out of the five final year modules. It was also found that quality criteria 2 and 9 were not included in any of the modules in the programme.

Research limitations/implications

This is a case study based on the content analysis of a single curriculum document in a London University. It is therefore not possible to make wide generalisation of its findings across the countries involved in the EU Promise project. However, it could be argued that it is possible to find a number of the key findings present in other UK University programmes that may be similar in structure to that selected for this study. The other limitation to this content analysis is that the evaluation process did not include accounts of the students’ experience on the programme. This could have contributed significantly to the outcome of the evaluation exercise. Although the methodology used is simple, practical and relatively sound, it is not necessarily rigorous in terms of quantitative research methodology but arguably an acceptable contribution to the spectrum within qualitative research paradigm.

Practical implications

The emergence of the “PROMISE” criteria especially on a European-wide basis puts emphasis on the importance of mental health promotion in the training of health care professionals. This is expected to be achieved by the training institutions in the European Union. In the UK, this notion is well embraced in various health policy documents (e.g. “No Health Without Mental Health” DH 2011). In the case of the programme examined at one London University, work is required to ensure that a pervasive incorporation of mental health promotion strategies in the curriculum in order to help the students to become better equipped to understand and effectively apply the mental health promotion criteria in their work upon qualification.

Originality/value

This is one of the first papers to address the “PROMISE” project and the issue of incorporating mental health promotion criteria in a pre-registration mental health pathway training programme in a university in the UK.

Details

The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, vol. 9 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMHTEP-09-2012-0032
ISSN: 1755-6228

Keywords

  • Content analysis
  • Evaluation
  • Mental health promotion
  • Mental health nursing
  • Mental health pathway
  • The PROMISE project

Access
Only content I have access to
Only Open Access
Year
  • Last 3 months (1)
  • Last 6 months (2)
  • Last 12 months (2)
  • All dates (11)
Content type
  • Article (10)
  • Earlycite article (1)
1 – 10 of 11
Emerald Publishing
  • Opens in new window
  • Opens in new window
  • Opens in new window
  • Opens in new window
© 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

Services

  • Authors Opens in new window
  • Editors Opens in new window
  • Librarians Opens in new window
  • Researchers Opens in new window
  • Reviewers Opens in new window

About

  • About Emerald Opens in new window
  • Working for Emerald Opens in new window
  • Contact us Opens in new window
  • Publication sitemap

Policies and information

  • Privacy notice
  • Site policies
  • Modern Slavery Act Opens in new window
  • Chair of Trustees governance statement Opens in new window
  • COVID-19 policy Opens in new window
Manage cookies

We’re listening — tell us what you think

  • Something didn’t work…

    Report bugs here

  • All feedback is valuable

    Please share your general feedback

  • Member of Emerald Engage?

    You can join in the discussion by joining the community or logging in here.
    You can also find out more about Emerald Engage.

Join us on our journey

  • Platform update page

    Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates

  • Questions & More Information

    Answers to the most commonly asked questions here