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Presents research into materialistic values among Chinese children, in the context of Chinese culture and rapid economic growth, contrasting materialistic values with both communistic and Confucian values. Reviews the literature, which shows that children understand the concepts of possession and value from a very young age, and also shows the importance of collectivist values in Chinese advertising. Outlines the research method, which involved interviews with 15 students at a Beijing elementary school, and asked them to respond to pictures of children with and without new and expensive toys and games. Finds that there was a surprising negative attitudes to possessions: children with fewer possessions were perceived to have more friends, whereas those with lots of “cool stuff” would look down on other children; this type of attitude was present even among the younger children, who were naturally more egocentric, and other negative attitudes were that owning lots of toys was wasteful and would have an adverse effect on academic achievement. Concludes that Chinese society and parents both appear to discourage materialistic values, and makes suggestions for further research and for marketing campaigns.

Argues that marketers must consider more than ever the aging consumer. Considers the three demographic issues which must be taken into account before a strategy can be developed: first, stereotypes regarding the aging consumer must be disregarded; second, the aging consumer is not an isolated entity; and third, the aging consumer of the future will be very different from the aging consumer of today. Examines issues such as segmentation by age, marital status, buying power, changes in the work ethic, health, all of which have implications for the marketer.

Considers the “baby boom” generation, and that all of them will be the new aging market starting in the 1990s. Argues that when marketers are considering aging consumers, there are three demographic issues that must be considered prior to the creation to any strategy: (1) stereotypes concerning the aging consumer must be done away with, (2) the aging consumer is not an isolated entity, and (3) from a psychographic and numbers standpoint, the aging consumer market of tomorrow is going to much different from the aging consumer market of today.

In an investigation designed to consider the part played by personality factors on children's level of success when studying science through a programmed course, all the children in the second year of a Leicestershire High School (comprehensive) were tested to obtain two scores, an introversion score and an extroversion score. These were compared with the success rate for each child within the science course. Success was rated on both the number of programmes completed and on the results gained on the final test which followed each programme.

Draws on data from the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey to explore whether or not socio‐demographic factors such as woman’s age, education, occupation, income and residence affect fertility because of different attitudes towards decision making and the use of contraception. Describes the methodology used and forms of data analysis – path modelling via LISREL. Analyses the findings – that as the woman’s age increases so does the number of children ever born, women who have not completed primary education have more children than women who have completed secondary or higher education, urban women have fewer children than rural women, and women with more education and a higher income have more autonomy in decision making, consequently are more likely to use contraception and have fewer children. Reports that when men make the decisions, families are larger and infers that there are policy implications in that finding. Concludes that the determining factors affecting fertility and use of contraception in Bangladesh are the woman’s level of education, residence in urban or rural areas, and the extent of inter‐spouse communication.

The merits of acculturation and marginality theses are considered for the particular Management Bibliography case of upwardly mobile individuals who have followed educational and non‐educational routes. Two indicators — values and social integration — have been chosen as basic to the assumptions of the accultural and marginality theses, and the relation of upward occupational mobility to each is examined independently.

The community school is a human engineering laboratory functioning on a broad basis to help people fulfill their basic needs. The basic academic needs of children and teen‐agers are fulfilled to a large extent within the formal portion of the program. Many other needs are fulfilled within the informal portions of the community school program. Much of the experience in the informal program strengthens performance and accomplishment in the academic areas of learning. Adults participate in many learning activities during the informal portion of the school day and obtain service through the school that helps them fulfill their basic needs. The community school takes the lead in involving children, youth and adults (sometimes separately and sometimes all groups combined) in programs that help to solve community problems. When individual learning needs of all age groups are fulfilled and when through united effort community problems are solved, community development will take place on many fronts.

Reports on a survey conducted to investigate acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children in developing countries, looking particularly at the Philippines. Explores the role of the National Committee for Acute Respiratory Infections and states its objectives and responsibilities. Asserts that state of health is associated with community structure, environmental factors, and social and psychological conditions. Finds also that maternal factors are important determinants in the incidence of ARI episodes, for example, the mother’s characteristics, level of health knowledge, her illness control activities, age, level of education, number of children, smoking behaviour, and the extent to which she has to fulfil other tasks. Explains the methodology used in the survey, the sampling procedure and research instruments used. Indicates that poor housing and living conditions should become the focal point of developmental efforts, and that better nipping in the bud health management should be encouraged through health education programmes.

The last few decades have seen increasing attention to problems of open and disguised unemployment (and underemployment) in developing countries. Open unemployment appears to have increased in the sixties. Disguised unemployment of persons in the labour force (as defined by marginal product of labour below the wage) is a key element in the labour surplus interpretations of underdeveloped economies. In developed countries, hidden or disguised unemployment is thought of primarily in terms of nonparticipation related to the difficulty of obtaining a job; the usual proxy for such difficulty is the unemployment rate. As open unemployment has risen in the urban areas of many L.D.C's, while participation rates have at the same time been falling, it is natural to ask whether this particular form of hidden unemployment is becoming increasingly important in those countries. More generally, a country's participation rate is a valuable indicator of the degree of utilization of the labour force; the hints it may provide as to the nautre of the labour market and the demand for labour are one of several contributions it makes to the understanding of an economic system.

Kids get exposed to advertising on social media platforms when they visit them to perform various goals. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors which affect kids' behaviour when the kids encounter advertising on social media and also to establish causal relationships amongst the factors of social media advertising (SMA).

A total of 11 factors of SMA have been identified with the help of experts and the causal relationships amongst the SMA factors have been constructed by the implementation of decision-making trail and laboratory evaluation (DEMATEL). Based on the established relationships, a causal diagram has been also developed to understand the structural nature of interdependence amongst the factors.

DEMATEL technique is based on logical steps, which have assisted in categorising the identified factors into two groups: cause group and effect group. Cause group factors are the reasons for the effect group factors to occur. Customisation, entertainment, information and interactivity have been observed as cause factors whereas, relevance, engagement with SMA, purchase intention, product involvement, advertising value, attitude towards SMA and irritation have been observed as effect factors. Product involvement is found to have the highest level of interaction with all other factors. Information and interactivity are observed to influence all other factors.

Kids possess a limited understanding of the selling intent of advertisers which makes kids vulnerable to advertising. This study supports that the content of the advertisement should be kept in accordance with the need of kids and also suggests that marketers should emphasise cause group factors which derive subsequent consequences on effect group factors. The foremost limitation of this study lies in the process of identifying the factors through expert opinions. The sets of contextual relationships may vary when different experts are considered.

This study strives to identify the factors which affect kids' understanding of SMA and also establishes causal relationships amongst them. This kind of study is unique in state of the art and to the authors' knowledge no significant research has been conducted in India which involves establishment of inter-relationships amongst SMA factors that affect kids' behaviour.