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1 – 10 of over 2000
Article
Publication date: 1 October 2000

Hsaio‐Yun Chen and Charles Ward

A previous paper in this journal discussed how to estimate the appropriate rate that should be used to evaluate investment projects. In this paper, the same theme is extended to…

1454

Abstract

A previous paper in this journal discussed how to estimate the appropriate rate that should be used to evaluate investment projects. In this paper, the same theme is extended to discuss why projects might attract hurdle rates that are higher than the cost of capital. The answer involves discussion of the topic of real options, which may provide a rigorous explanation of how companies can value flexibility in capital budgeting. This paper discusses the gap between the hurdle rate and the cost of capital and explores possible explanations for the rational use of additional barriers before accepting capital projects.

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Journal of Corporate Real Estate, vol. 2 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1463-001X

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1999

Charles Ward

This paper introduces the ways of estimating the cost of capital. It briefly reviews the main theories of capital structure before explaining how the use of fixed‐interest debt…

4050

Abstract

This paper introduces the ways of estimating the cost of capital. It briefly reviews the main theories of capital structure before explaining how the use of fixed‐interest debt finance might affect the cost of capital. It then considers ways of estimating the cost of equity and finally brings results together. Two final issues are considered: how the cost of capital can be used to appraise projects like the ones the firm is already undertaking; and how it can be used to consider projects that lie outside the normal range of business activities of the firm.

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Journal of Corporate Real Estate, vol. 1 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1463-001X

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1984

Ronald L. Ward has been named vice‐president—international activities for Howmet Turbine Components Corporation.

Abstract

Ronald L. Ward has been named vice‐president—international activities for Howmet Turbine Components Corporation.

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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 56 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 1 November 1906

IT is fitting that a new series of this magazine should be introduced by some reflections on the whole question of book selection, both for the general public and libraries.

Abstract

IT is fitting that a new series of this magazine should be introduced by some reflections on the whole question of book selection, both for the general public and libraries.

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New Library World, vol. 9 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4803

Article
Publication date: 1 May 1997

Charles Ward and Nick French

The upwards‐only rent review is a characteristic feature of the institutional property lease in the UK. It has been subject to increased attention by investors and regulators in…

1297

Abstract

The upwards‐only rent review is a characteristic feature of the institutional property lease in the UK. It has been subject to increased attention by investors and regulators in the 1990s with various proposals which sought to make upwards‐only rent reviews illegal. Applies an arbitrage method based on market pricing which enables consistent valuations of different investment opportunities to be compared in a rigorous yet consistent approach. In this way the value of the upwards‐only option can be assessed. Uses the arbitrage approach to value the difference between a lease in which the rents are reviewed upwards‐only and that in which rents can be reviewed upwards or downwards. Starts by applying the arbitrage approach to a simple lease in which rent may take only two values. This simple approach is well established in the finance literature when analysing options, and the valuation of the upwards‐only lease may be seen as a multi‐option contract.

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Journal of Property Valuation and Investment, vol. 15 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0960-2712

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1993

Cheryl Pellerin

What do cleaning toilets and police work have in common? They're dirty work? Someone has to do them? And they are both booming markets for service robots. Consider the following:

Abstract

What do cleaning toilets and police work have in common? They're dirty work? Someone has to do them? And they are both booming markets for service robots. Consider the following:

Details

Industrial Robot: An International Journal, vol. 20 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0143-991X

Article
Publication date: 1 December 1998

Charles Ward, Patric H. Hendershott and Nick French

Complicated leasing terms make both the valuation of lease contracts and the calculation of effective rent levels difficult. These complications are compounded by the existence of…

1678

Abstract

Complicated leasing terms make both the valuation of lease contracts and the calculation of effective rent levels difficult. These complications are compounded by the existence of option‐like features in many contracts. For example, retail leases in the USA generally have overage rent clauses that allow the landlord additional rent if sales exceed a breakpoint, but set a minimum rent level under any sales conditions. Similarly, upward‐only rent review clauses are common in the UK and Australia (as well as other commonwealth countries). Here the rent is fixed at the commencement of the contract, with the option to review the rental figure in line with market conditions at pre‐determined intervals (normally every five years). If rents in the market have increased over the interim period, the rent of the subject property will be adjusted upwards accordingly and this higher level becomes the minimum possible future rent. However, if market rents have either remained static or decreased, the landlords would choose not to operate the rent review clause and the existing rent will continue. The US overage contract can be valued using a binomial approach. The upward‐only adjusting leases cannot because the value of the option is “path‐dependent”. Here, Monte Carlo valuation methods must be used. In this paper we describe both approaches. We show the relationship between the rents on these contracts relative to those without overage or with up and downward adjustment. The key determinants in establishing this relationship are the expected drift and the volatility of either sales (in the case of overage) or market rents (in the case of upward‐only leases).

Details

Journal of Property Valuation and Investment, vol. 16 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0960-2712

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1918

On another page we reprint some of the specially library paragraphs from the Fourth Annual Report of the Carnegie Trustees; and we believe that no apology is necessary for…

Abstract

On another page we reprint some of the specially library paragraphs from the Fourth Annual Report of the Carnegie Trustees; and we believe that no apology is necessary for bringing them thus separately to all library workers. This beneficent institution is pursuing a policy in regard to our movement which, in its generosity, liberality, and at the same time cautious and wise restraint, must have the warm approval of librarians. It has been realized in a practical fashion that the library movement should not be allowed to stagnate during the war, because the most insistent calls upon the services and resources of libraries are likely to be made very soon after the cessation of hostilities, and if libraries are prepared now to meet those calls there should then be an impetus to the movement that will establish it finally.

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New Library World, vol. 20 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4803

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1979

In years past, when life seemed simpler and the Law much less complicated, jurists were fond of quoting the age‐old saying: “All men are equal before the Law.” It was never…

Abstract

In years past, when life seemed simpler and the Law much less complicated, jurists were fond of quoting the age‐old saying: “All men are equal before the Law.” It was never completely true; there were important exemptions when strict legal enforcement would have been against the public interests. A classic example was Crown immunity, evolved from the historical principle that “The King can do no wrong”. With the growth of government, the multiplicity of government agencies and the enormous amount of secondary legislation, the statutes being merely enabling Acts, this immunity revealed itself as being used largely against public interests. Statutory instruments were being drafted within Ministerial departments largely by as many as 300 officers of those departments authorized to sign such measures, affecting the rights of the people without any real Parliamentary control. Those who suffered and lost in their enforcement had no remedy; Crown immunity protected all those acting as servants of the Crown and the principle came to be an officials' charter with no connection whatever with the Crown. Parliament, custodian of the national conscience, removed much of this socially unacceptable privilege in the Crown Proceedings Act, 1947, which enabled injured parties within limit to sue central departments and their officers. The more recent system of Commissioners—Parliamentary, Local Authority, Health Service—with power to enquire into allegations of injustice, maladministration, malpractice to individuals extra‐legally, has extended the rights of the suffering citizen.

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 81 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

Article
Publication date: 1 September 1999

Stan Cromie, John Adams, Barbara Dunn and Renee Reid

Family firms account for around 75 per cent of all business enterprises in the UK, but there is a lack of research on these businesses. The family firms literature recognises that…

Abstract

Family firms account for around 75 per cent of all business enterprises in the UK, but there is a lack of research on these businesses. The family firms literature recognises that there are differences between family and non‐family businesses; differences that can be explained by conflicts between a juxtaposition of family values and business values. Consequently, family firms tend to have different approaches to ownership and control, the composition of boards, employment practices, strategy formulation and succession management. This paper reports on the demographic characteristics, ownership configurations, boardroom arrangements, managerial and succession practices of a random selection of 1,065 family firms located in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Results reveal that the firms are well‐established, privately owned, small businesses in which the lead family retains almost all shares and dominates the board of directors. These firms give some preferential treatment to family members in employment and managerial matters but business objectives are not ignored. In keeping with previous research, succession matters are not regularly discussed and much more needs to be done to allow for a smooth transition from one family generation to another. The authors conclude by arguing that there is an urgent need for policy makers to address the problems and needs of small family firms and to develop frameworks and practices for assisting these businesses.

Details

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 6 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1462-6004

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