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Road user charging has been proposed as a solution to the uncontrolled growth of traffic and congestion in urban areas. In the absence of evidence from real world applications, modelling techniques provide the best information about the potential impacts and benefits of different charging approaches. This research has employed an elastic demand network equilibrium model, as part of the well established SATURN suite of computer programs, to represent a series of alternative road user charging systems which have been proposed for practical application.

Results have been obtained for both the impacts of charges on the volume and spatial distribution of road travel demand and for aggregate measures of network performance, such as travel distances, times and costs. Some interesting issues have emerged regarding the overall performance of charging systems in comparison with prior expectations and the specific impacts of charges related to travel conditions, which attempt to approximate the economic theories of marginal cost pricing. In addition, doubts are raised regarding the ability of steady-state equilibrium models to provide plausible representations of behavioural responses to charges which may vary significantly in time and space. It is suggested that alternative modelling techniques may provide superior user response predictions.

In this paper, the authors aim to study the effect of hydrogen on the pitting corrosion behavior of Incoloy 825, a commonly used material for heat exchanger tubes in hydrogenated heat exchangers.

The pitting initiation and propagation behaviors were investigated by electrochemical and chemical immersion experiments and observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer methods.

The results show that hydrogen significantly affects the electrochemical behavior of Incoloy 825; the self-corrosion potential decreased from −197 mV before hydrogen charging to −263 mV, −270 mV and −657 mV after hydrogen charging, and the corrosion current density increased from 0.049 µA/cm² before hydrogen charging to 2.490 µA/cm², 2.560 µA/cm² and 2.780 µA/cm² after hydrogen charging. The pitting susceptibility of the material increases.

Hydrogen is enriched on the precipitate, and the pitting corrosion also initiates at that location. The synergistic effect of hydrogen and precipitate destroys the passive film on the metal surface and promotes pitting initiation.

Previous research has mainly focused on the outcomes of empowering leadership, and empirical evidence on how to encourage leaders to display empowering behaviors has been overlooked, particularly from an interpersonal perspective.

Based on the integrative model of organizational trust, we investigate the relationship between employees' taking charge behaviors and empowering leadership considering the mediating role of leader trust in employees and the moderating role of risk propensity.

The results indicate that taking charge is positively associated with leader trust in employees, which influences the development of empowering leadership. Additionally, leaders' risk propensity moderates these relationships, that is, a higher level of risk propensity can enhance the promoting effect of leader trust on empowering behaviors.

This study explores the antecedents and mechanisms influencing empowering leadership and proposes the moderating effect of risk propensity. The findings not only clarify how and why employees' taking charge behaviors can stimulate empowering leadership but also offer a more comprehensive understanding of the antecedents of empowering leadership.

Describes a survey of interlibrary lending in Australia, undertaken during May 1989, with coverage of New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria. Reinforces the idea that interlibrary lending in Australia is mainly between libraries in the same state and/or libraries of the same type. Shows that 50 percent of all loans are done without charge. Briefly describes a cost study which formed the basis of the decision to implement charges.

The RICS code of practice “Service Charges in Commercial Property” was introduced in 2007 with the intention to promote best practice guidelines in the provision and management of commercial service charges. The paper seeks to review the compliance of the code after two years from its inception.

The research employs comprehensive literature reviews and documental analysis through a number of publications retrieved from electronic databases, reports, journals, books, and other relevant secondary information. A critical review of the materials gathered is carried out in understanding the key recommendations as set within the RICS code against the current practice.

Huge gaps are identified between the RICS against existing practice involving several key headings such as transparency, value for money, communication, and responsiveness.

Since the code was only introduced in 2006, limited sources of data available prevents comprehensive results, underlining further discussions on the effectiveness of the code in resolving the critical commercial service charges aspects within the real estate industry.

While the paper intends to raise awareness among the commercial properties stakeholders, recommendations that are made in the paper can be utilised to minimise the gap that exists between the guidelines and the actual implementation by harnessing concerted efforts among the stakeholders in commercial property industry.

This paper provides an in‐depth snapshot of the RICS code of practice to commercial service charges and the progress that has been made towards the application of the guidelines since it was introduced in 2006.

Higher education (HE) in the UK has recently suffered financial pressure due to reduced central funding, and the requirement to widen student access. The estate is typically the second highest revenue expense and is an obvious target for efficiency gains. Sector‐wide statistics show there are opportunities for improving efficiency and many influential bodies have advocated space charging as a way of achieving them. This paper aims to investigate space performance indicators for evidence that space charging improves space use efficiency.

The approach used is a statistical analysis of space performance indicators for space charging and other higher education institution (HEIs).

Approximately one‐quarter of HEIs in the UK operated space charging in 2000‐2001 but only ten out of 31 space‐related performance indicators for the period 1998‐2001 suggest that increased efficiency results. Scrutiny of the background data shows they predominantly reflect differences in institutional wealth and activities, rather than space use management. Efficiency measures relating space to use provide no evidence of efficiency gains, suggesting that the application of charging as a space management tool is ineffective.

The methodology does not reveal the reasons for the disparity between theory and results of space charging. Qualitative research into the application of charging systems is required to provide an explanation.

The conclusions are important for HE managers who are considering implementing expensive systems to improve space efficiency. The results also shed light on the usefulness of space performance indicators for HE estates.

Although there have been many assertions that space charging will improve space use efficiency in the HE sector, this research provides evidence to the contrary.

The electric stress profiles of a needle‐plane electrode system used in the laboratory for investigation of tree initiation and growth have been studied. Results from analytical solution based on a hyperboloid shaped needle tend to differ from those from experiments. One reason is that in practice it is difficult to produce a needle of such a shape. Moreover, researchers have used various shaped needles for their tests. Presents the effects of these needle parameters on the electric stress profile. To simulate the presence of space charge, examines two models, i.e. spherical and cylindrical regions around the tip. For simplicity, the space charge was assumed to be uniformly distributed in the confined region. Results show that space charges can enhance or reduce the electric stress adjacent to the needle tip depending on the nature of the applied voltage.

How do librarians charge back, charge out, and charge fees rather than have the cost of their operations totally accounted for as overhead expense? There is no one‐size‐fits‐all method of managing these finances; what you will do depends on your organization's goals and situation.

In this paper are set out the arguments and counter‐arguments of the advocates on both sides of the controversy over charging. Each library has to decide where the balance of advantage lies. In the first part are arranged the relevant arguments covering General arguments; Internal efficiency; Cost savings; Additional costs; Costs: fixed and variable; Effects on the user. The second part illustrates various charging practices.

The charge‐tube method is an accurate way of assigning the space‐charge of a beam in computational simulations of charged particle systems. The method is described and is compared with the traditional charge‐cell method.