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1 – 10 of over 2000
Article
Publication date: 1 October 2005

Z.H. Gao, J.Y. Gu, X‐M. Wang, Z.G. Li and X.D. Bai

To evaluate the competing reaction of isocyanate with cellulose and water which can provide direction for further studies on bonding and curing reactions of isocyanate with wood.

2581

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the competing reaction of isocyanate with cellulose and water which can provide direction for further studies on bonding and curing reactions of isocyanate with wood.

Design/methodology/approach

Two modern analytical techniques, Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used. The FTIR was used to identify the products of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate (PI) with alcohol, water, and cellulose; while the XPS was used to evaluate the proportions of isocyanate that reacted with water or cellulose when PI reacted with cellulose at different moisture contents (MCs), respectively.

Findings

Methods for the IR identifications of reaction results of PI with n‐propanol, water, and cellulose, in which the reactions of PI with water and PI with cellulose resulted in N,N′‐diphenylurea and carbamate, respectively, were developed. It was discovered that the extent of reaction of isocyanate and cellulose decreased with increasing cellulose MC, and 92.98 per cent isocyanate reacted with water when 9.78 per cent MC was reached. It was confirmed that the products of the PI reaction were distributed mainly on the surface of the cellulose particles.

Research limitations/implications

The study only focused on the reaction of PI. However, the industrial isocyanates, e.g. methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymerized methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (p‐MDI) that have complexities in chemical structures and components, make analyses with FTIR and XPS impossible.

Practical implications

The paper provides some instructive information about the isocyanate reaction that will help understanding the characteristics of isocyanate and guiding the design of technology bonding isocyanate to fibre, wood, etc.

Originality/value

The application of FTIR and XPS for evaluating the reaction of isocyanate with cellulose having different MCs was novel and may be used as a reference for other relevant studies.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 34 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 8 March 2022

Md Mehedi Hasan Rubel, Syed Rashedul Islam, Abeer Alassod, Amjad Farooq, Xiaolin Shen, Taosif Ahmed, Mohammad Mamunur Rashid and Afshan Zareen

The main purpose of this study was to prepare the cotton fibers and cellulose powder by a layer of nano-crystalline-titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the sol-gel sono-synthesis method…

Abstract

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to prepare the cotton fibers and cellulose powder by a layer of nano-crystalline-titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the sol-gel sono-synthesis method to clean the wastewater containing reactive dye. Moreover, TiO2 nano-materials are remarkable due to their photoactive properties and valuable applications in wastewater treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

In this research, TiO2 was synthesized and deposited effectively on cotton fibers and cellulose powder using ultrasound-assisted coating. Further, tetra butyl titanate was used as a precursor to the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. Reactive dye (red 195) was used in this study. X-ray Diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to prove the aptitude for the formation of crystal TiO2 on the cotton fibers and cellulose powder along with TiO2 nanoparticles as well as to analyze the chemical structure. Decoloration of the wastewater was investigated through ultraviolet (UV-Visible) light at 30 min.

Findings

The experimental results revealed that the decolorization was completed at 2.0 min with the cellulose nano TiO2 treatment whereas cotton nano TiO2 treated solution contained reactive dyestuffs even after the treatment of 2 min. This was the fastest method up to now than all reported methods for sustainable decolorization of wastewater by absorption. Furthermore, this study explored that the cellulose TiO2 nano-composite was more effective than the cotton TiO2 nano-composite of decoloration wastewater for the eco-friendly remedy.

Research limitations/implications

Cotton fibers and cellulose powder with nano-TiO2, and only reactive dye (red 195) were tested.

Practical implications

With reactive dye-containing wastewater, it seems to be easier to get rid of the dye than to retain it, especially from dyeing of yarn, fabric, apparel, and as well as other sectors where dyestuffs are used.

Social implications

This research would help to reduce pollution in the environment as well as save energy and cost.

Originality/value

Decoloration of wastewater treatment is an essential new track with nano-crystalline TiO2 to fast and efficient cleaning of reactive dyes containing wastewater used as a raw material.

Details

Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, vol. 28 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1560-6074

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 April 1995

S.A. Abdel‐Hafiz

The behaviour of chemically modified cellulose towards dyeing is an interesting subject. Cellulose undergoes substantial changes in its chemical and physical properties by…

Abstract

The behaviour of chemically modified cellulose towards dyeing is an interesting subject. Cellulose undergoes substantial changes in its chemical and physical properties by chemical modification. Some investigations were carried out to study the effect of these changes on dyeing and dyeing properties of cellulose. Previous reports have disclosed that the dyeability of chemically modified cellulose differs significantly when compared with the unmodified cellulose. Among the modified cellulose studied were partially acetylated cellulose, cyanoethylated cellulose, carboxymethylated cellulose, cellulose tiaocarbonate and cellulose copolymerized with various vinyl monomers.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 24 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Article
Publication date: 14 September 2010

A.M.A. Nada, A.M.M. El‐Masry, A.M.M. El‐Torky and Yehia E.A. Abd El‐Aziz

The purpose of this paper is to study some chemical reactions of viscose grade pulp (alpha cellulose around 96 per cent) prepared by preoxyacetic acid pulping of bagasse for the…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study some chemical reactions of viscose grade pulp (alpha cellulose around 96 per cent) prepared by preoxyacetic acid pulping of bagasse for the preparation of some cellulose derivatives.

Design/methodology/approach

Viscose grade pulp was prepared by using ecological chemicals. The viscose grade pulp was subjected to some chemical reactions (e.g. carboxymethylation, cyanoethylation and phosphorylation reactions). The pulping and bleaching which are two important stages involved in the complex process of converting fibrous raw material (bagasse) into viscose grade pulp are also investigated in this paper.

Findings

The viscose pulp prepared by peroxyacid pulping of bagasse was subjected to a number of chemical reactions such as: hydrogel and fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose; cyanoethyl cellulose, in which this cyanoethylcellulose (of gel properties) was prepared, the hydrophobic character of the cyanoethylcellulose was changed into hydrophilic character via hydrolysis by NaOH (2.5 per cent w/v) which converts some of the CN groups into COOH; and cellulose phosphate. Infrared spectroscopy of these derivatives was studied. New bands were observed at 3,120, 2,251, 1,200 and 980 cm−1 which characterised to groups, respectively.

Originality/value

The paper documents the preparation of some cellulose derivatives which have high water absorption and can be used as hydrogel materials such as carboxymethyl and hydrolysed cyanoethyl cellulose and ion exchange properties.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 39 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 June 2019

Shuang Huang, Xin Wu and Peixing Li

In the textile industry, liquid ammonia treatment is an important way to modify the structure of natural fibers. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the diffusion behaviors of…

Abstract

Purpose

In the textile industry, liquid ammonia treatment is an important way to modify the structure of natural fibers. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the diffusion behaviors of liquid ammonia in cellulose.

Design/methodology/approach

To analysis the diffusion behaviors of liquid ammonia in cellulose, the cellulose model and the system of ammonia and cellulose are built. Infrared spectrum is carried out to test the model of cellulose, which is found to agree with experiment. Diffusion coefficients, free volume and hydrogen bonds are discussed to explain diffusion behaviors.

Findings

The results demonstrate that diffusion coefficients and free volume of systems rise with increasing temperature. The diffusion coefficients of ammonia are larger than those of water, a result in agreement with free volume. To understand the mechanism of diffusion, the numbers of hydrogen bonds are tracked. It is found that without ammonia, intrachain hydrogen bonds decrease with the increase of temperature, which indicate that the structural stability of cellulose is deteriorated. And the increased interchain hydrogen bonds show that swelling properties of cellulose become better with the increase of temperature. After ammonia treatment, the numbers of intrachain hydrogen bonds remain stable, indicating that the structure stability of cellulose chain is maintained. But, there is a substantial rupture of interchain hydrogen bonds, ammonia molecule destroys the hydrogen bond network between the original cellulose molecular chains, which intensifies the activity of cellulose molecular chains and enlarges the distance between cellulose molecular chains, showing good swelling properties.

Originality/value

The research findings give a detailed information about the diffusion behaviors of liquid ammonia in cellulose, which provide the theoretical evidence for liquid ammonia treatment.

Details

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, vol. 31 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0955-6222

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 25 March 2024

Mostafa Abdel-Hamied, Ahmed A.M. Abdelhafez and Gomaa Abdel-Maksoud

This study aims to focus on the main materials used in consolidation processes of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather binding.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to focus on the main materials used in consolidation processes of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather binding.

Design/methodology/approach

For each material, chemical structure, chemical composition, molecular formula, solubility, advantages, disadvantages and its role in treatment process are presented.

Findings

This study concluded that carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, nanocrystalline cellulose, funori, sturgeon glue, poly vinyl alcohol, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs), gelatin, aquazol, paraloid B72 and hydroxyapatite NPs were the most common and important materials used for the consolidation of illuminated paper manuscripts. For the leather bindings, hydroxy propyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, oligomeric melamine-formaldehyde resin, acrylic wax SC6000, pliantex, paraloid B67 and B72, silicone oil and collagen NPs are the most consolidants used.

Originality/value

Illuminated paper manuscripts with leather binding are considered one of the most important objects in libraries, museums and storehouses. The uncontrolled conditions and other deterioration factors inside the libraries and storehouses lead to degradation of these artifacts. The brittleness, fragility and weakness are considered the most common deterioration aspects of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather binding. Therefore, the consolidation process became vital and important to solve this problem. This study presents the main materials used for consolidation process of illuminated paper manuscripts and leather bindings.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 December 2021

Ponsuriyaprakash S., Udhayakumar P. and Pandiyarajan R.

This study aims to the optimization using three factors and three-level parameters (sliding speed [rpm], sliding distance [m/s] and load [N]) of design matrix were adapted to…

69

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to the optimization using three factors and three-level parameters (sliding speed [rpm], sliding distance [m/s] and load [N]) of design matrix were adapted to Box–Behnken design using design expert v8.0 software. Based on the parameters, to develop the linear regression equation and to find the significant considerable wear process parameters based on output responses like wear loss (WL) and coefficient of friction (COF) value of polymer matrix composites (PMC) specimen of Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/cellulose composite (80 wt% of ABS and 20 wt% of cellulose).

Design/methodology/approach

The fabrication of the ABS/cellulose composite sample was carried out by the simple hands-on stir process method. As per the American Society for Testing and Materials G99 standard, the sample was made by the molding process. The wear analysis was made by multi tribotester TR25 machine and validated the developed model by using statistical software design expert v.8.0 and numerical tools like analysis of variance. The surface morphology [field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis] of the sample was also observed using the Quanta FEG-250 FESEM instrument.

Findings

The parameters like sliding speed, sliding distance and load are independently affected the COF value and WL of the 80% of ABS matrix and 20% cellulose reinforced composite material. The regression equations were generated by the coefficient of friction value and WL, which predicted the minimum WL of 80% of ABS matrix and 20% of cellulose reinforced composite material. The worn surface analysis result exposes the worn path and equal distribution of reinforcement and matrix on the surface of composite material.

Originality/value

The literature survey revealed a small number of studies available regarding wear analysis of ABS matrix and cellulose reinforced composite materials. In the present work, to fabricate and evaluate the wear performance of PMC (80% of ABS and 20% of cellulose) depends on the WL and COF value. The maximum and minimum COF value (µ) of 80% of ABS and 20% of cellulose composite material is 4.71 and 0.28 with the optimized wear process parameter by 1,000 mm of sliding distance, 0.25 (m/s) of sliding speed and 9 N of load.

Article
Publication date: 5 May 2022

Walid Shaaban Abdelrasoul Mohamed

The purpose of this study is to find an applicable solution for the consolidation of petrified paper after disassembling it to complete other stages of treatment.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to find an applicable solution for the consolidation of petrified paper after disassembling it to complete other stages of treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

The samples were subjected to natural aging by being inoculated with Aspergillus niger until they reached the stage of adhesion and petrification. After that, the leaves were separated, and cellulose nanocrystals were applied, then the leaves were subjected to wet thermal aging for 21 days. Digital microscope, scanning electron microscope, mechanical properties measurement, measurement of color change, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pH measurement were used to evaluate the effects of the cellulose nanocrystal on paper.

Findings

The results proved that cellulose nanocrystal (5%) successes consolidation of petrified paper Without affecting its natural, mechanical and chemical properties.

Originality/value

This study was based on the effectiveness of cellulose nanocrystal in strengthening the petrified papers and testing its effect on the physical, mechanical and chemical paper properties.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 52 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 3 December 2018

Patcharaporn Chuayplod and Duangdao Aht-Ong

The purpose of this work was to modify the surface of parawood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) microcrystalline cellulose (PW-MCC) used as reinforcing agent in polypropylene…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this work was to modify the surface of parawood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) microcrystalline cellulose (PW-MCC) used as reinforcing agent in polypropylene composites with benzoyl chloride under a mechanochemistry process.

Design/methodology/approach

The acetylated PW-MCC was produced from heterogeneous condition using planetary ball mill process at a rotation speed of 400 rpm. Before the esterification reaction, PW-MCC was pre-treated with pyridine at 60°C for 1 h in order to penetrate and swell the cellulose structure. The optimum condition of esterified PW-MCC with various molar ratios of benzoyl chloride/anhydroglucose unit (AGU) was studied. The degree of substitution, functional group, thermal stability and morphology of esterified cellulose were characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Findings

The functional group from FTIR confirmed that PW-MCC was successfully esterified with benzoyl chloride. The optimum condition which gave the maximum degree of substitution at 3.00 was achieved by using benzoyl chloride/AGU at 5 for 1 h. SEM analysis revealed that the modified PW-MCC surface became rougher than the unmodified PW-MCC surface. The polypropylene composites with 5-30 wt% PW-MCC and esterified PW-MCC were prepared without compatibilizer.

Originality/value

The composites with esterified PW-MCC enhanced water resistance and thermal stability when compared to composites with PW-MCC.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 15 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 August 2003

W.V. Glasspool and J.K. Atkinson

The bulk batch fabrication process of thick film technology has been utilised in the design and production of miniature amperometric dissolved oxygen sensors based on…

Abstract

The bulk batch fabrication process of thick film technology has been utilised in the design and production of miniature amperometric dissolved oxygen sensors based on potentiostatic and voltammetric operation. Three different polymers have been investigated as membrane materials – cellulose acetate, PTFE and PVC. PTFE has been deposited on the devices by aerosol spray and PVC and cellulose acetate by screen‐printing. These methods have been shown to be effective membrane fabrication techniques, and have significant implications in the field of chemical sensors as a whole. All the membrane covered devices investigated were found to exhibit sensitive and linear responses to dissolved oxygen. The effects of temperature and flow rate on sensor response have been investigated and the use of PVC and PTFE in place of cellulose acetate have been shown to reduce both effects. These membranes have also been shown to reduce the detrimental effects of fouling observed on the surfaces of cellulose acetate covered devices as they are powered in tap water.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 20 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

Keywords

1 – 10 of over 2000