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This study aims to present a sustainable approach in the natural dyeing of cellulose fabric followed by nanosilver finishing through a green crosslinker of citric acid for potential antibacterial surgical gown fabrication.

The nanosilver finish was reproduced using the chemical reduction method. The fabric dyeing was performed on a lab-scale dyeing machine, whereas silver nano-finishing through a pad-dry-cure approach. Citric acid was used as an eco-friendly crosslinker. The specimens were characterized for antibacterial activity, surface chemical, textile, color properties and finish release trend.

The results demonstrated the successful application of curcumin dye followed by silver nano-finishing. The resultant fabric exhibited appropriate textile, dyeing performance indicators, hydrophobic behavior and sustainable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.

The prepared nanosilver-finished/curcumin-treated fabric expressed desirable properties for potential applications in the fabrication of surgical gowns.

The authors found no reports on an extensive examination of nanosilver finishing on the color parameters of curcumin-dyed cellulose fabric while retaining its textile and comfort properties for possible surgical gown fabrication.

The electric stimulation of the vagus nerve is used to obtain therapeutic results in epilepsy, depression and Alzheimer diseases. The purpose of this paper is to show numerical model of stimulation, focusing on the mathematical approach to modeling a phenomenon of neural cells activation and its propagation in the nerve.

The paper presents a model based on the bidomain theory. It uses two continuous, averaged domains which depict the intra‐ and extra‐cellular domains and are connected with the membrane ionic currents. The numerical model uses 3D cylindrical model approximating the anatomical shape of the neck. The simulator is based on a time domain finite element method.

The presented approach allows to model the discrete behaviour of the membrane potential in the macroscopic, realistic model of the nerve. The validation of the parameters with the velocity of activation propagations suggests the strong disscussion on physical interpretation to the bidomain theory parameters. To obtain realistic results the parameters needed to be unrealistic.

The paper presents the combination of bidomain model of neural tissue with the time domain finite element method along with the atributes of bidomain model for realistic modeling of the process of propagtion of activation.

The paper aims to illustrate the two kinds of analysis approach for which finite element method (FEM) can be successfully employed: the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) model and the Langevin-Lorentz-Poisson (LLP) one.

The approach of this work is to try making a survey of the use of the FEM in the modelling of charge transport/ion flow across membrane channels, in particular for the PNP analysis and for a particle based model such as LLP model.

In this paper, the two kinds of analysis approach for which FEM can be successfully employed, the PNP model and the LLP one, have been shown. In both cases the FEM is extremely useful to carry out these analysis and the simulation results obtained are in good agreement with experimental results.

The value of this paper is to demonstrate the FEM is extremely useful to carry out analysis and results which are in good agreement with experimental ones.

The purposes of this study were to identify exogenous factors that would depress synthesis of saturated fats and enhance synthesis of unsaturated fats in the dairy cow’s mammary gland. Certain long‐chain exogenous fatty acids are known to modulate endogenous fat synthesis within tissues. We analyzed the effects of two different long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid and trans‐vaccenic acid (TVA), on activities of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures. The study was done using an established bovine mammary epithelial cell line, the MacT cells. ACC (EC 6.4.1.2) and FAS (EC 2.3.1.85) are two major enzymes involved in biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids in eucaryotic cells. SCD (EC 1.14.99.5) is the enzyme catalyzing the critical committed step in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids from their saturated precursors. Data indicated depression of activity of enzymes responsible for mammary synthesis of saturated fatty acids (ACC and FAS), along with a simultaneous enhancement of mammary desaturase activity, by TVA.

The interactions of electromagnetic fields and biological structures are of great interest both from medical and technological points of view. The medical aspect is well‐known even in archaic medicine while bio‐electrotechnology is being developed just at recent time. Especially it is readily seen when dealing with electric field and its influence on living cells. Biologists and biochemists are mainly interested in the voltage induced in the cell membrane (transmembrane voltage). This gives the information about forces acting on membrane which cause the phenomenon called dielectrophoresis. The other phenomenon which joins electromagnetic field and biological structures is electroporesity when the pores in a membrane are caused by electric field. It seems that the latter case requires carefully carried calculations since the transmembrane voltage decides on the phenomenon. The paper, however, does not aim at very biological effect; our goal is to show how the electric field in the cell and the membrane voltage should be calculated. It should be stressed that the research in bio‐electromagnetism is on very initial step as concerns the calculation methods. This results from two facts: the first is that so far there were no links between people working on computational electromagnetism and biologists and the second comes from the complex nature of biological structures which cannot be modelled as easy as it is with technical products. Thus, the paper is aiming at showing how the cell is modelled and what the main dependencies which govern electromagnetic phenomena are. This may be considered as an introductory step to further activity in this area.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of laser fluence on the post‐transfer cell viability of human colon cancer cells (HT‐29) during a typical biofabrication process, matrix‐assisted pulsed‐laser evaporation direct‐write (MAPLE DW).

The post‐transfer cell viability in MAPLE DW depends on various operation conditions such as the applied laser fluence. HT‐29 cell was selected as a model mammalian cell to investigate the effect of laser fluence on the post‐transfer cell viability. MAPLE DW‐based HT‐29 cell direct writing was implemented using an ArF excimer laser under a wide range of laser fluence. Trypan blue dye‐exclusion was used to test the post‐transfer cell viability.

It has been observed that: the HT‐29 cell viability decreases from 95 to 78 percent as the laser fluence increases from 258 to 1,482 mJ/cm²; and cell injury in this study is mainly due to the process‐induced mechanical stress during the cell droplet formation and landing processes while the effects of thermal influence and ultraviolet radiation are below the level of detection.

This paper reveals some interesting relationships between the laser fluence and the post‐transfer mammalian cell viability and injury, and the resulting knowledge of these process‐related relationships helps the wide implementation of MAPLE DW‐based biofabrication. Post‐transfer cell injury reversibility and cell proliferation capacity need to be further elucidated.

This paper will help the wide implementation of cell direct‐write technologies including MAPLE DW to fabricate biological constructs as artificial tissues/organs and bio‐sensing devices.

The shortage of donor organs and the need of various bio‐sensing devices have significantly prompted the development of various biological material‐based direct‐write technologies. Process‐induced cell injury happens during fabricating of biological constructs using different direct‐write technologies including MAPLE DW. The post‐transfer cell viability is a key index to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of any biofabrication technique. This paper has investigated the effect of laser fluence on the post‐transfer HT‐29 cell viability and injury. The knowledge from this study will help effectively and efficiently fabricate various biological constructs for organ printing and biosensor fabrication applications.

Proposes use of the triboluminescence of blood and condensed exhaled air products (which accompanies mechano‐chemi‐emission effects in biological objects) as a quantative test of levels of exposure, for example, to radiation. Describes trial of this technique on victims of the Chernobyl accident. Offers an explanatory model.

Millets are ancient grains, following wheat, that have been a fundamental source of human sustenance. These are nutrient-rich small-seeded grains that have gained prominence and admiration globally due to their super resilience in diverse climates and significant nutritional benefits. As millets are renowned for their nutritional richness, the demand for millet-based products increases. Hence, this paper aims in identifying the growing need for innovative processing techniques that not only preserve their nutritional content but also extend their shelf life.

In traditional times, heat was the only means of cooking and processing of the foods, but the amount of damage they used to cause to the sensorial and nutritional properties was huge. Millets’ sensitivity toward heat poses a challenge, as their composition is susceptible to disruption during various heat treatments and manufacturing processes. To cater to this drawback while ensuring the prolonged shelf life and nutrient preservation, various innovative approaches such as cold plasma, infrared technology and high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) processing are being widely used. These new methodologies aim on inactivating the microorganisms that have been developed within the food, providing the unprocessed, raw and natural form of nutrients in food products.

Among these approaches, nonthermal technology has emerged as a key player that prioritizes brief treatment periods and avoids the use of high temperatures. Nonthermal techniques (cold plasma, infrared radiation, HPP processing, ultra-sonication and pulsed electric field) facilitate the conservation of millet’s nutritional integrity by minimizing the degradation of heat-sensitive nutrients like vitamins and antioxidants. Acknowledging the potential applications and processing efficiency of nonthermal techniques, the food industry has embarked on substantial investments in this technology. The present study provides an in-depth exploration of the array of nonthermal technologies used in the food industry and their effects on the physical and chemical composition of diverse millet varieties.

Nonthermal techniques, compared to conventional thermal methods, are environmentally sound processes that contribute to energy conservation. However, these conveniences are accompanied by challenges, and this review not only elucidates these challenges but also focuses on the future implications of nonthermal techniques.

This paper aims to give further insights into Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder which accounts for 60‐80 per cent of late‐onset dementia. AD is genetically complex where three genes are known to cause the early‐onset familial form of disease and ten genes have been identified to contribute to the risk of developing late‐onset sporadic AD.

The paper discusses the recently identified AD susceptibility loci and outlines the various hypotheses of how these loci and the pathways in which they function may elucidate the aetiology and pathogenesis of sporadic late‐onset AD.

The loci identified to increase susceptibility to sporadic AD are not random, but instead point to defects in specific biological processes and pathways that contribute to the development of the disease. These include impairments in: innate/adaptive immunity, specifically inflammation and the complement system; endocytosis/intracellualar trafficking, which includes the internalisation of material from the cell surface and the mechanisms by which molecules are transported; and lipid processing. High levels of lipids such as cholesterol have been associated with development of AD in later life.

The paper highlights that determining the function of the known susceptibility loci, and establishing how they increase risk for AD will aid in the development of new treatments.