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This paper deals with the formulation of colloidal graphite lubricant for special applications by the use of nonionic wetting and dispersing agents. The lubricant was stable for 5–6 months and met the other requirement of the specification for such lubricants. In conclusion some suggestions are made which might help in increasing the long term stability of the product.

Cationic dyes exhibit high exhaustion towards protein fibres, such as wool and silk, due to ionic interactions but they show little substantivity onto cellulosic and hemicellulosic fibres. In order to apply cationic dyes to mill scoured and bleached linen fibers, a new approach employing anionic agents containing a reactive monochloro-S- triazinyl group is synthesized and used to import a negative charge to the fibre surface.

Two cationic dyes show considerable substantivity towards anionic agent modified fabrics. Four different anionic agents are covalently bounded to the linen substrate to provide an electrostatic interaction with cationic dyes. The anionic agent treated fabrics are monitored for nitrogen content, and the reaction efficiency is determined as a K/S value of the dyed samples.

Different factors that affect the pretreatment and dyeing process are investigated, and an overall improvement in the effectiveness of the anionic agent on the dyeability using cationic dyes is achieved. The reaction efficiency for the four anionic agents follows the order: anionic agent III > I > II > IV > untreated fabric. The treated dyed fabrics also exhibit good fastness properties.

Sulphur dyes are the most highly consumed colourants for cellulosic substrates owing to their reasonable cost and acceptable fastness. However, the use of noxious conventional reducing agent, sodium sulphide and impaired wash fastness against oxidative bleaching is gradually decreasing the market of these dyes. As the need for “Green” goods and services is raising public awareness, this paper aims to use a glucose-based biodegradable reducing agent in place of sodium sulphide to dye cotton fabrics with a range of commercial sulphur dyes. The study also proposes an aftertreatment method to improve the fastness properties of the dyeing.

The paper investigated the impact of a newly developed aftertreatment method on the fastness properties of dyeing. This involved the sequential application of a cationic fixing agent (Tinofix ECO) and tannin (Bayprotect CL) on the coloured fabrics and subsequent evaluation of colour strength, washing, light and rubbing fastness.

The effect of aftertreating the dyed cotton was found to significantly improve the light and wet rub fastness. The surface morphology of the dyeing remained unaffected as depicted by the absence of any finish residues.

The protective effect of the cation–tannin aftertreatments was examined with a view to providing the necessary commercial performance; however, it was established that the dry rub fastness was either reduced or remained unaffected and the wash fastness to International Organization for Standardization 105 C09 was also marginal.

This finishing technique is novel and can be found useful for manufacturing sulphur-dyed products with the improved light and wet rub fastness.

The purpose of this paper is to create a textile material which shows antibacterial activity with resistance to environmental conditions by using volatile active agent inclusion complex and self-assembly method.

An inclusion complex of carvacrol and β-CD is generated by kneading method and deposited on the cotton fabrics by using a nanofabrication method named as layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method. Three different concentration of CD and CD:Car aqueous solutions were deposited on cotton fabrics. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), antimicrobial efficacy test of fabrics against washing and some physical tests (water vapor permeability, air permeability) were performed on the fabrics before and after the treatment with CD to evaluate the effect of the LbL process on cotton fabric properties.

The results showed that the coated fabrics with CD/CD:Car multilayer films enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of cotton fabrics against to Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococus aureus bacteria. Air and water vapor permeability properties of the cotton fabric effected after the LbL deposition process sure enough. With SEM and FTIR-ATR analysis the CD:Car complex presence were verified. The durability of antibacterial properties were analyzed after one and ten washing (40°C and 30 min) cycles.

This work provides a novel and simple method for CD and inclusion complex of carvacrol film deposition by self-assembly method on cotton fabrics and their application onto cotton fabrics to gain antibacterial property.

The purpose of this paper was to study the dyeing properties of polysulphonamide (PSA)/aramid 1313 (MPIA) blended yarn by selecting suitable dyes and carriers required in the dyeing process.

Dyeing the blended yarn with cationic dyes, acid dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes and pigment, and comparing the shades, K/S values and fastness of the blended yarns.

The PSA/MPIA blended fibre is suitable for dyeing with the cationic dye at high temperature and pressure in the presence of carrier acetophenone, and good homochromatism is seen on the two fibres when using same type of dye.

PSA fibre is a thermo-resistant and flame-retardant product made in China in recent years. Blended with aramid 1313 fibre, it may acquire good spinnability. But there is little technical report about properties of the blended yarn in the literature at present. This paper reports the dyeing property of such fibres for the first time.

Surface active agents are widely used to impart special characteristics to surface coatings formulations. The large variety of “surfactants” now commercially available may leave the coating technologist with the problem of how to choose the best for his particular system. It is hoped that by outlining the relationships between molecular structure and surfactant properties a reasonable working basis for selection of surfactants may be gained.

The advantages of reclaiming as much condensate as possible in any steam‐generating system are manifest. The return of hot water to the boiler results in a considerable reduction in fuel and water consumption. In addition, a low make‐up will give rise to a lower rate of corrosion attack due to carbon dioxide generated from dissolved bicarbonates. However, such a procedure greatly increases the length of piping and number of fittings which are exposed to attack. The corrosion of steam and condensate return lines, and also of steam‐using equipment, can become a major problem. Perforation of steam jackets, steam coils, pipes and fittings; choking of steam traps with corrosion products; leaking valves and joints are serious enough in themselves. The cost of replacing the corroded equipment is often considerable and excessive damage may be caused by the ingress of steam or water to the product being manufactured. In addition, a very high labour cost is often involved. Repairs to damaged plant must usually take place at weekends and during holiday time, when overtime rates are paid.

Sulphur dyes provide an inexpensive medium to dye cellulosic fibres with heavy shade depths. They offer moderate to good fastness to light and wet treatments. However, owing to the environmental hazard produced by the use of sodium sulphide, the practical implication of these dyes is steadily decreasing. Moreover, these dyes are prone to oxidation causing pronounced fading on exposure to laundering. This paper aims to present the green processing of sulphur dyes by using a biodegradable reducing agent in place of sodium sulphide to dye cotton fabrics. The study also proposes after-treatments with tannin to improve the fastness properties of the dyeings.

In this study, dyeings were produced on cotton fabric with a range of C.I. Leuco Sulphur dyes, which were reduced with sodium sulphide and glucose. Sulphur dyeings were after-treated with an environment-friendly tannin-based product (Bayprotect CL (BP)); subsequently, the after-treated samples were evaluated for colour strength, wash, light and rubbing fastness.

A novel after-treatment method was developed, which substantially improved the wash fastness of C.I. Leuco Sulphur Black 1 dyeing to ISO 105 C06/C09 washing. However, the degree of this improvement varied for the other sulphur dyes used. The surface morphology and the possible mechanisms for the improved fastness properties were also discussed.

The effect of after-treatment was significant for improving the wash fastness of sulphur black dyeings in particular, while the effect on other colours was minor. Significant improvements were observed for light and wet rub fastness for most of the dyeings, which signifies the importance of tannins as a finishing agent.

It is observed that the tannin-based product, BP, is found to provide the photoprotective effect by improving the lightfastness of the dyeings. Future research may involve the exploration of various tannins as a finishing agent to sulphur dyeings.

This novel finishing technique is found significant for improving the wash fastness of sulphur black 1 dyeings for both the reducing systems. Improvements were also observed for light and wet rub fastnesses for most of the dyeings.

This study aims to deal with the dyeing of nylon-/cotton-blended fabric in one bath using direct and acid dyes.

The cellulose in cotton/nylon-blended fabric was chemically modified using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl tri-methyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as cationizing agent to impart positive charge on the cellulose. The modified and unmodified blended fabrics were dyed in a single bath with direct and acid dyes under various concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 per cent on the weight of fabric by exhaust method. The dyeing of modified and unmodified fabrics was characterized through the properties such as K/S and colorfastness to washing, rubbing and light.

The modified fabric exhibited higher color yield, comparable rubbing fastness and good washing fastness.

The dye uptake was maximum in a single-bath dyeing process of nylon-/cotton-blended fabrics without electrolyte addition, which minimizes the impact of dyes on environment.

Glycidyl triethyl ammonium chloride (GTEAC) was used to chemically modify the primary amine groups (-NH₂) in wool fabrics to acquire new properties. The properties of treated wool fabrics were studied such as wettability, whiteness, nitrogen content, dyeability, fastness and antimicrobial properties. Modified cationic wool fabrics enhanced hydrophilicity, dyeing properties and biocidal activity. The treatment led to improvement in dyeability, fastness, wettability, whiteness and antimicrobial activity. Dyeing was performed with natural dye obtained from Tumeric at 85°C. Curcumin is an active ingredient in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Curcumin, a common natural dye used for fabrics and food colorations, was used as an antimicrobial finish due to its bactericidal properties on dyed textiles. A common dyeing process could provide wool fabrics with color as well as antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial activity of wool fabrics treated with (GTEAC) and dyed with curcumin was studied. The durability of antimicrobial activity of curcumin dyed wool fabrics to laundering was also examined.