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Two instances of the same problem being turned into a new technique for vision could be seen within a few yards of each other at the Hanover Fair in April. The problem is the old one of specular reflections in curved shiny surfaces such as painted car bodies. Unless one takes great care to provide highly diffused lighting, there will inevitably be at least one area which reflects an image of the light source directly at the camera, leading to problems of oversaturation and “blooming”, which spoils the information in the surrounding areas too.

Investigates how effective the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has been in reaching the goal to inculcate the police in the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) with the West’s value system of policing, that is, “citizen friendly” police. Research methods utilized in this examination included a review of the literature, both interviews and correspondence with officials of the FRG(federal and state), and the content analysis of the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel. The scope of this study was limited to civilian policing, federal and state within the territory of the former GDR. Suggests that it will probably take a considerable amount of time to achieve the goal of citizen‐friendly police in the East, given the turbulence (economic, political, social, etc.) of the past several years. This goal can only be achieved when both police practice and citizen perception are in sync.

We contend that software developers have an ethical responsibility to strive for reliable software. We base that obligation on long standing engineering traditions that place the public good as a central tenant and on the professional relationship between a software developer and the users of the software developed.

Formulaic in both their narrative and character development, buddy-cop films are unique in their ability to present ideas about masculinity and the journey towards manhood without sacrificing the likeability or relatability of their male leads. The focus of this chapter is how aspects of masculinity are depicted when there are two or more male protagonists in an action film. Examples I have selected for analysis are the highly successful franchises Beverly Hills Cop (1984–1993) and Lethal Weapon (1987–1998). In the case of Beverly Hills Cop, the male dynamic is unique in that there are a trio of male leads (as opposed to the traditional duo), each of which depicts masculinity in different ways, often resulting in the lead characters jostling for the role of the alpha-male. In contrast, the Lethal Weapon franchise explores the dynamics of age and the importance of mateship and mentoring in the construction of relationships between men. In both examples the necessity of vulnerability in the dynamic of solid man-to-man peer relationships is also paramount. The enduring popularity of these films and their subsequent sequels is indicative of the fact that while pop-cultural ideas around masculinity may be in a constant state of flux, elements of the stereotypical action hero remain prominent.

Discussions about the male action hero will be informed by Susan Jeffords Hard Bodies (1994), while concepts of maturing will be explored through the lens of Joseph Campbell's construct of the Hero's Journey and Carl Jung's archetypes, which, as I will demonstrate, are central components of the relationship dynamics present in each film.

Hierarchy and bureaucracy have been more or less welcomed companions of human civilisation from the very beginning. In almost every culture and epoch, ruling elites and followers, superiors and subordinates can be identified. Hierarchy and bureaucracy are quite flexible, adaptable and they are fairly persistent – but why could, or even should we see this as a problem?

This introduction will first provide a brief history of no change, followed by the second section where the advantages and disadvantages and the contested terrain of hierarchy are elaborated in some length. The discussion focuses on three areas: the functional, social and ethical qualities of hierarchy. In the final section, the chapters of this volume will be briefly introduced. The chapters are grouped into three sections: (I) Fundamentals and historical accounts of bureaucracy, (II) Organisational, cultural and socio-psychological aspects of hierarchy and (III) Alternative views on, and alternatives to hierarchy.

This research aims to select the best-fitting model(s) of equal risk contribution portfolios (ERC). ERC is a robust estimation in the absence of reasonable expectations about future returns.

The portfolio consists of five environmental-friendly exchange-traded funds (ETFs). It applies equal risk optimization, beneficial when the assets are firmly linked, such as the ETFs. This paper operationalizes 20 covariance models in portfolio construction, and a portfolio with classic covariance is the benchmark to beat. To select the best-fitting model(s), the paper applies statistical inferences of the model confidence set. This research also constructs the newly-developed minimum connectedness optimization method and utilizes maximum drawdown as the primary evaluation tool.

The outbreak of COVID-19 hugely impacts the portfolio drawdown. The results also show that the classic covariance is hard to beat, partly explained by estimation error and model misspecification. This paper suggests that equal risk contribution can benefit from copula-based covariance. It consistently and significantly outperforms the other models in various robustness tests.

In the absence of substantial predictions about future returns and the existence of strongly linked assets, selecting appropriate portfolio components by risk contribution is a sound choice.

This is the first paper to select the best-fitting model(s) of ERC portfolio during the COVID-19.

This paper aims to explore the connectivity between social media use, access to migrant networks, information asymmetry and migration intentions.

The study was conducted using data from individuals living in Nigeria and analysed with a generalized structural equation model, which is rare for this kind of research.

The authors find a dual mediating role of the social media and the migrant networks in facilitating migration, i.e. reducing the threshold cost required to migrate and introducing a bias in terms of information asymmetry. While social media and access to migrant networks directly increase migration intentions, this changes when incomplete information is provided. People who use social media and their migrant networks for information are more likely to have information about destination countries than information on the transit risk.

The study adds valuable insights for designing awareness campaigns aimed at reducing irregular migration.

This study contributes to the understanding of the intersection of migration and digitalization

Within the past 20 years hiking and backpacking have enjoyed rapid growth among Americans as favorite outdoor activities. From 1965 to 1977 the number of hikers almost tripled, from 9.9 million to 28.1 million, while national forest visitor days among hikers and mountaineers increased from 4 million in 1966 to 11 million in 1979. Accompanying this growth in interest has been a boom in books about the sport. These include both “how‐to‐do‐it” volumes and guides to specific geographical areas. Each year brings another spate of books, yet to this compiler's knowledge no bibliography of hiking guides to the Rocky Mountains, one of North America's premier outdoor regions, has yet been attempted. This bibliography is an effort to correct that situation.

Complex conflicts in elder abuse, its causes, typology, protection and prevention, suggest that co‐operation by multi‐disciplinary social services should be a major consideration in policy decision‐making, planned intervention and support. Casework of the Elder Mediation Project (EMP for empowerment), and related agencies, provides some practical evidence for this view. There are shared casework values and similar as well as different skills. However, when service user interests are paramount, the professional concerns of service providers for defined roles and boundaries raise ethical issues. Are there conflicts between old people's needs for trusting, confidential relationships with one worker, and case co‐ordinators' promotion of varied specialist input? Could approaching elder abuse through a multi‐skilled key worker, as well as by multi‐disciplinary social service workers, offer complementary and co‐operative interventions? Brief anonymised case notes suggest that practitioners may face professional conflicts about social intervention as casework diversifies and service user involvement in decision‐making increases, but some guidelines to good practice are offered.