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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the engagement with integrated reporting (IR) of the Development Bank of Singapore (DBS), as one of the banks that pioneered IR. Banking industry members face critical sector-specific issues regarding the use of capitals, especially the disclosure of relational and natural capital-related information, and reporting of the outcomes of capitals. This study examines an innovative approach to accounting for multiple capitals adopted by DBS during its journey toward IR.

This empirical research follows the case study method, using semi-structured interviews with DBS’s managers, and analyzing reports and other documentation.

The authors find that DBS re-conceptualizes, re-categorizes and measures multiple capitals as a form of non-financial value using the balance sheet approach to make visible the interactions and potential tensions (trade-offs) among capitals.

Case studies are best used to understand a specific context, so the findings of this study cannot be generalized statistically. However, the study does provide insights into the banking industry that may be applicable to other organizations.

The categorization and reporting of multiple capitals using the balance sheet approach and the integration of the balanced scorecard are innovative operationalizations of the International <IR> Framework.

This study provides an innovative approach to the categorization and measurement of multiple capitals. It represents a step toward reducing the gap between research and practice on IR.

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the feasibility of market based estimations of the value of human capital in firms.

The concept of intangible assets and market‐based valuation of human capital is presented. Cases of extreme estimates of human capital values are presented. The possibility of extremely low or even negative human capital values is examined.

It is demonstrated that odd human capital values can be explained by referring to principles of valuating fixed assets and intangible liability.

The paper demonstrates that market‐based methods for estimating the value of human capital of the firm can be feasible despite the existence of very odd human capital values.

The findings of the paper adds to the discussion of how to valuate human capital in intellectual capital accounts in general and human capital accounts in particular.

Based on resource-based theory and intellectual capital theory, this paper aims to investigate the impact of digital investment on enterprise value and the mediating role of intellectual capital. Additionally, it explores the heterogeneous impacts of digital investment on enterprise value and intellectual capital.

The study utilizes a sample of listed companies in Chinese A-shares from 2013 to 2020. The entropy-weighted method is applied to measure digital investment from two dimensions: scale and increment. Finally, the research hypotheses are tested through multiple regression analysis.

The empirical results demonstrate that digital investment significantly and positively impacts enterprise value. From the channel mechanism test, digital investment can enhance enterprise value by influencing intellectual capital through human, structural and relational capital. Of these, the mediating effect of human capital is the most significant. Moreover, the impacts of digital investment on enterprise value and intellectual capital are related to the industry sectors. In the agricultural sector, digital investment has adverse effects. In the industrial and service sectors, digital investment promotes intellectual capital and enterprise value. However, in the service sector, the impact on relational capital is not significant, and the mediating effect of relational capital does not hold.

This research has a limited potential for generalization due to the lack of standard measurement models for the exploration of digital investment.

The research findings are valuable for assessing the economic effects of digital investment comprehensively and providing essential information for policy formulation and strategy implementation.

This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the relationship between digital investment and enterprise value using the entropy-weighted method. In addition, this study investigates the mediating role of intellectual capital.

Briefly describes the nature and importance of capital investments and why managers of all functional areas should understand the basics of analysis. Reviews conceptual issues. Develops important perspectives for corporate leaders, managers and analysts. Provides practical guidelines for analysis. Furnishes a useful format for analysis easily adaptable to spreadsheet analysis. Illustrates techniques of analysis using a sample capital project. Interprets the results in a common‐sense manner and in terms of the contribution of the project to shareholder value. Addresses issues at a level appropriate for each professional manager regardless of their area of expertise and functional assignment.

Progress in human resources accounting must continue to find a clear constructive definition of terms pertaining to human capital and human assets. The present paper is comprised of considerations leading to the proposal of more general definitions of capital that involve human capital. As a complement to Fisher's concept of capital measurement, the present definition explains capital based on the capitalization process. Capitalization should be viewed as an essential attribute of capital. Human resources accounting (HRA) can benefit from improvements in the definition of certain terms related to human capital. Of particular importance is a proposal of a more general definition of capital. The definition leads to an alternative measure,which is more useful in the HRA field than the Lev‐Schwartz model. The proposed measure compliments Fisher's concept of capital measurement and utilizes a compound interest approach. Capital is perceived as a value of economic means capitalized in physical and human resources. The rate of capitalization is determined through natural and social conditions of the environment. The mode of capital measurement results from the above definitions. Moreover, the measure of human capital appears as a generalization of the historical cost concept. The valuation model of human capital involves capitalized costs of living, costs of professional education and value of experience measured by a slightly modified learning curve. Having human capital redefined and measured in these terms, we can introduce human resources into the balance sheet using a set of relevant journal entries.

This paper explores ways in which knowledge management (KM) can enrich and be enriched by practices associated with social‐level knowledge‐based development (KBD), thus bridging both fields. It begins by establishing a continuity between personal‐, organizational‐ and social‐level KM. Social‐level KBD is referred to economic growth theory in search of a complete, consistent, systematic and inclusive framework for global development. Enter capital systems, a KM framework aiming to satisfy those criteria at the organizational level. The capital systems approach, originally developed as a solution to some methodological concerns in intellectual capital valuation, is described as the operationalization of a generic value structure. Such a structure is applied to the analysis of production or value‐enhancing dynamics underlying major economic eras throughout human history until the present day. Structural constraints in current financing for development practices are identified. New knowledge‐based development strategies are explored and, finally, examples of current KBD policies are examined in the light of this analysis and alternative strategies to systematically identify and develop individual, organizational and capital systems are suggested.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between firms' value drivers and their intellectual capital (IC).

The health care sector (GICS 35) firms listed in the S&P500 were used to build a research censoring Tobit model by adopting financial data to determine value drivers.

The results of the study show that innovation capital, customer capital and human capital are significant positive drive factors for firms to create more IC and hence more intangible value. Process capital exerts moderating effects on IC; organizations with greater process capital must raise customer capital to enhance intellectual value.

This is the first empirical study that uses a censoring Tobit model and tests of the association between competitive advantage and the value drivers of firms. This research successfully combines management perspectives with financial data to describe the value drivers of firms.

Different from Marx's analysis of the dialectical relationship between the production and realization of surplus value, the Okishio theorem only shows one aspect of the contradictory movement of the total social capital, that is, the reverse effect of the realization of surplus value on the production of surplus value.

The production of surplus value and the realization of surplus value are simplified into one process. This simplification eliminates the contradiction between the production and realization of surplus value, and the antagonistic contradiction between accumulation and consumption and the antagonistic production-distribution relationship in capitalist society are naturally covered up.

Therefore, it cannot explain the actual expansion way of the falling general rate of profit as the historical development law of capitalism. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the Okishio theorem places the analysis of the general rate of profit back into the social reproduction model with department equilibrium, which points out the significance of wage income to the realization of surplus value and outlines the macro mechanism of the realization of surplus value reacting to the production of surplus value. It also strongly promotes the research progress of the law that the profit rate tends to decline.

The mistake of the Okishio theorem is that the exchange process in the labor market forms the real wage rate. It determines the production price of wage goods, which thereby determines that the production price of capital goods and general rate of profit, the production of surplus value and realization of surplus value are simplified into the same process, and only the value that can be realized is the real value.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of intellectual capital (IC) and its relationship with financial performance of Iran insurance companies during the period 2005‐2007.

In total, 39 insurance companies were selected as the sample. Regression model (partial least squares) has been applied to examine the relationship between IC and companies' return on assets ratio (ROA).

The results of the research revealed that value added intellectual capital and its components have a significant positive relationship with companies' profitability.

The VAIC™ method could be an important means for many decision makers to integrate IC in their decision‐making process, which allows insurance companies to benchmark themselves according to the IC efficiencies and develop strategies to enhance their company's performance.

This is the first research, which has used the data on value added recently calculated and published by Iran insurance firms in the “Value Added Scoreboard”.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how reproductivity (child‐rearing) fits into ethics. It aims to use objectivist ethics (OE) specifically as the framework for considering this.

The approach is conceptual in nature. Economic concepts are used to analyze and extend an ethical issue and the cardinal values within OE, which includes productive purpose, are reviewed.

The paper argues that reproductivity is sufficiently different from productivity to be a separate category. Then using the trader principle, the objectivist case for inheritance, and capital theory, the case is made that reproductivity is required of each person in the same sense that productivity is.

This is an original argument made by the author in Then Athena Said: Unilateral Transfers and the Transformation of Objectivist Ethics. In that work, reproductivity is linked to human capital replacement, depreciation, the sinking fund, and Irving Fisher's conception of standard income. This paper also relates it to permanent income. Also, the conclusions are more inclusive than those in the previous work in that other forms that the replacement of human capital can take in addition to reproduction are considered.