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Article
Publication date: 25 February 2022

Viput Ongsakul, Tanveer Kajla, Sahil Raj, Tran Tien Khoa and Zafar U. Ahmed

The paper aims to find the preferences of different tourist type. Since, COVID-19 pandemic has brought the international hospitality industry to a standstill, there are some early…

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Abstract

Purpose

The paper aims to find the preferences of different tourist type. Since, COVID-19 pandemic has brought the international hospitality industry to a standstill, there are some early signs of recovery. For this industry’s long-term recovery, the tourists’ changing preferences need to be analyzed. Moreover, with different types of tourists, a more nuanced and in-depth study is required to analyze the preferences of each tourist type.

Design/methodology/approach

The research focuses on the changing preferences of the tourist by comparatively analyzing the pre-COVID-19 and current COVID-19 phase. The study extracted online data from TripAdvisor and identified themes by applying Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA).

Findings

The study’s findings confirmed the change in preferences of the different types of tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic by performing thematic analysis. New themes emerged in the pandemic phase, providing more insights into tourists’ changing preferences in the current COVID-19 phase. The study also found that specific dominant themes in the pre-COVID-19 phase were replaced by new themes in the current COVID-19 phase.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to compare the pre-COVID-19 and current COVID-19 phase themes to decipher the new themes that managers of the hotels should consider to win back tourists’ confidence during the pandemic. The unraveling of changing preferences of the different tourist types in the current COVID-19 pandemic is the novel contribution of the study.

COVID-19 大流行期间改变游客对酒店业的偏好

研究目的

COVID-19 大流行使国际酒店业陷入停顿。虽然有一些复苏的早期迹象, 但对于这个行业的长期复苏, 还需要分析游客不断变化的偏好。此外, 针对不同类型的游客, 需要进行更细致和深入的研究来分析每种游客类型的偏好。

设计/方法/方法

该研究通过比较分析 COVID-19 之前和当前 COVID-19 阶段, 重点关注游客不断变化的偏好。该研究从 TripAdvisor 提取在线数据, 并通过应用隐含狄利克雷分布 (LDA) 确定主题。

研究结果

该研究的调查结果通过进行主题分析证实了不同类型游客在 COVID-19 大流行期间偏好的变化。大流行阶段出现了新主题, 为游客在当前 COVID-19 阶段不断变化的偏好提供了更多见解。该研究还发现, COVID-19之前阶段的特定主导主题被当前 COVID-19 阶段的新主题所取代。

研究原创性/价值

该研究首次比较了 COVID-19 之前和当前 COVID-19 阶段的主题, 从而为酒店管理者在大流行期间赢回游客的信心提供了应该考虑的新主题。研究发现在当前的 COVID-19 大流行中不同游客类型的偏好的变化是该研究的新贡献。

Details

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9880

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 22 April 2024

Ana Condeço-Melhorado, Juan Carlos García-Palomares and Javier Gutiérrez

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global tourism, with international travel bearing the burden of restrictions. Domestic tourism has also faced substantial…

Abstract

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global tourism, with international travel bearing the burden of restrictions. Domestic tourism has also faced substantial challenges. This paper aims to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tourism in Spain, focusing on travel from Madrid (the country’s capital) to other tourist destinations.

Design/methodology/approach

Mobile phone data has been used to study the evolution of tourist trips over the summers of 2019, 2020 and 2021. Regression models are used to explain the number of visitors at destinations.

Findings

The pandemic not only caused a drastic drop in tourist flows but also disrupted the overall pattern of the domestic flow system. Winning destinations were typically areas in proximity to Madrid and less densely populated destinations, while urban destinations were major losers. The preferences of domestic tourists varied notably by income group, but the decrease in trip volumes showed only marginal differences.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the potential of mobile phone data analysis to study the uneven impact of external shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on tourist destinations. This approach considers spatial resilience heterogeneity within regions or provinces. By incorporating income information, the analysis introduces a social dimension to highly detailed spatial data, surpassing traditional studies conducted at the regional or national levels.

研究目的

COVID-19大流行对全球旅游业产生了重大影响,国际旅行受到了限制的影响最为严重。国内旅游也面临着重大挑战。本文分析了COVID-19大流行对西班牙国内旅游的影响,重点关注从马德里(该国首都)到其他旅游目的地的旅行。

研究方法

本研究使用移动电话数据研究了2019年、2020年和2021年夏季旅游出行的演变。采用回归模型解释了各目的地游客数量。

研究发现

大流行不仅导致了旅游流量急剧下降,还扰乱了国内流动系统的总体模式。获胜的目的地通常是马德里附近的地区和人口较稀少的目的地,而城市目的地是主要的输家。国内游客的偏好在收入群体之间有明显差异,但旅行量的减少只显示出边际差异。

研究创新

本文展示了使用移动电话数据分析研究外部冲击(如COVID-19大流行)对旅游目的地的不均匀影响的潜力。该方法考虑了区域或省份内的空间弹性异质性。通过整合收入信息,该分析为高度详细的空间数据引入了社会维度,超越了传统在区域或国家水平进行的研究。

Details

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9880

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 27 November 2023

Woo-Hyuk Kim, Eunhye (Olivia) Park and Bongsug (Kevin) Chae

In this study, to investigate tourist mobility (i.e. hotel visits) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors developed three objectives with reference to protection motivation…

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, to investigate tourist mobility (i.e. hotel visits) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors developed three objectives with reference to protection motivation theory: (1) to examine changes in travel distances in the USA before and during the pandemic, (2) to identify distinct travel patterns across different regions during the pandemic; and (3) to explore threat- and coping-related factors influencing tourist mobility.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used two primary sources of data. First, smartphone data from SafeGraph provided hotel-specific variables (e.g. location and visitor counts) and travel distances for 63,610 hotels in the USA. Second, state-level data representing various factors associated with travel distance were obtained from COVID-19 Data Hub and the US Census Bureau. The authors analyzed changes in travel distances over time at the state and regional levels and investigated clinical, policy and demographic factors associated with such changes.

Findings

The findings reveal actual travel movements and intraregional variances across different stages of the pandemic, as well as the roles of health-related policies and other externalities in shaping travel patterns amid public health risks.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to empirically examine changes in travel distances to hotels as destinations using smartphone data along with state-level data on COVID-19 and demographics. The findings suggest that tourism enterprises and stakeholders can proactively adapt their strategies by considering threat appraisals and coping mechanisms, both of which are influenced by externalities such as health-related policies.

研究目的

在我们的研究中, 为了调查COVID-19大流行期间的旅游出行(例如:酒店访问), 我们根据保护动机理论制定了三个目标:(1)研究在COVID-19大流行前后美国的旅行距离的变化, (2)在大流行期间识别不同地区的不同旅行模式; 以及(3)探讨影响旅游出行的威胁和应对因素。

研究方法

我们利用了两个主要数据源。首先, 来自SafeGraph的智能手机数据提供了63,610家美国酒店的酒店特定变量(例如位置和访客计数)以及旅行距离数据。其次, 代表与旅行距离相关的各种因素的州级数据来自COVID-19数据中心和美国人口普查局。我们分析了州级和地区级的旅行距离随时间的变化, 并调查了与这些变化相关的临床、政策和人口因素。

研究发现

我们的研究结果揭示了不同阶段的实际旅行动态和地区内的差异, 以及在公共卫生风险中塑造旅行模式的健康相关政策和其他外部因素的作用。

研究创新

我们的研究是第一个利用智能手机数据以及与COVID-19和人口统计数据相关的州级数据, 经验性地研究了旅行距离到酒店作为目的地的变化。我们的研究结果表明, 旅游企业和利益相关者可以通过考虑威胁评估和应对机制来主动调整他们的策略, 这两者都受到健康相关政策等外部因素的影响。

Details

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, vol. 15 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9880

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 February 2023

Hwang Kim

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of travel cryptocurrency and stock markets over a long period during the pandemic.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of travel cryptocurrency and stock markets over a long period during the pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

A generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model was developed for 6 travel cryptocurrencies and the top 10 hotel, 7 airline and 26 restaurant stocks listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. An event-study approach was applied to the emergence of the novel coronavirus and its variant, Omicron. Additionally, abnormal returns of the respective assets in response to such events were estimated.

Findings

Results indicated that the travel cryptocurrency market did not respond to the early stage of the pandemic, but NASDAQ hotel, restaurant and airline stocks revealed abnormal negative returns when the pandemic manifested in the USA. Upon the official US declaration of a pandemic, both cryptocurrencies and tourism stocks showed abnormal negative returns, but these were considerably greater among stocks than cryptocurrencies. Conversely, in response to the Omicron variant, only hotel, restaurant and airline stocks showed abnormal negative returns.

Practical implications

These results imply that travel cryptocurrencies are a financial instrument independent of hotel, restaurant or airline stocks. Thus, adopting travel cryptocurrencies may help investors and businesses diversify risk during long-duration crises such as COVID-19.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first empirical study to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the recently emerging travel cryptocurrency market using an event-study approach to investigate how it differs from tourism stock performances.

研究目的

本文评估了 COVID 大流行在疫情期间很长一段时间对旅游加密货币和股票市场表现的影响。

研究设计/方法/途径

为 6 种旅行加密货币和纳斯达克证券交易所上市的前 10 大酒店、7 家航空公司和 26 家餐厅股票开发了 GARCH(广义自回归条件异方差)模型。 将事件研究方法应用于新型冠状病毒及其变种 Omicron 的出现。 此外, 还估计了相应资产因此类事件而产生的异常收益。

研究发现

结果表明, 旅游加密货币市场对疫情初期没有反应, 但纳斯达克酒店、餐厅和航空公司股票在美国出现疫情时出现异常负回报。 在美国正式宣布大流行后, 加密货币和旅游股均出现异常负回报, 但股票中的负回报要远高于加密货币。 相反, 作为对 Omicron 变体的回应, 只有酒店、餐厅和航空股出现异常的负回报。

实际意义

这些结果表明, 旅行加密货币是一种独立于酒店、餐厅或航空公司股票的金融工具。因此, 采用旅游加密货币可能有助于投资者和企业在 COVID-19 等长期危机期间分散风险。

原创性/价值

本文是第一份旨在调查 COVID-19 大流行对最近新兴的旅游加密货币市场的影响的实证研究, 并使用事件研究方法来调查它与旅游股票表现有何不同。

Details

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, vol. 14 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9880

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 18 March 2022

Lan-Hsun Wang, Shih-Shuo Yeh, Kuan-Ying Chen and Tzung-Cheng Huan

This study aims to understand tourists’ travel intention during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with additional causal links and moderators…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to understand tourists’ travel intention during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with additional causal links and moderators. The three research objectives of this study are to explore basic causality, mediating effects of attitude and moderating effects of age and perceived risk, of the extended TPB model, respectively.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was conducted in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, the survey generated 351 responses. The structural model analysis was performed to test the cause-and-effect relationships in the traditional TPB model and the mediating role of an individual’s attitude regarding travel during the COVID-19 pandemic. The SmartPLS multi-group analysis procedure was applied to test the moderation effects of age and perceived risk.

Findings

It is found that the perceived behavioral control is the main contributor of travel intention for the traditional TPB while attitude partially mediates the relationship between subjective norm and travel intention for the test of mediation. Also, moderation tests confirm that both age and perceived risk show significant moderating effect only on subjective norm to travel intention relationship.

Originality/value

The novelty of this research is that this study proposed and verified the mediating influence of attitude and two additional paths, the moderating influence of age and perceived risk, which deepened the understanding of the TPB model and the impact of COVID-19 on travel intention. Because TPB model is context-dependent, using one mediating and two moderating variables allows the study to understand how TPB functions in a different situation.

游客旅游意图:以年龄及感知风险为调解因素态度为中介因素重新审视TPB模型

目的

本研究旨在通过使用计划行为理论 (TPB) 以及额外的因果关系和调节因素来了解 COVID-19 大流行期间游客的旅游意图。本研究的三个研究目标分别是探索 TPB 扩展模型的(1)基本因果关系、(2)态度的中介效应、和(3)年龄和感知风险的调节效应。

设计/方法/步骤

本研究在台湾COVID-19大流行期间, 进行了一项线上调查。该调查共收集了351份回复问卷。本研究以结构模型分析测试传统 TPB 模型中的因果关系及个人对 COVID-19 大流行期间旅行态度的中介作用。本研究也应用了 SmartPLS 多组分析程序来测试年龄和感知风险的调节作用。

研究结果

本研究发现感知行为控制是传统TPB旅行意愿的主要贡献者, 而态度在中介测试中部分中介了主观规范与旅行意愿之间的关系。此外, 本研究在调节测试中证实, 年龄和感知风险均仅对旅行意愿关系的主观规范显示出显着的调节作用.

独创性/价值

本研究独创之处在于提出并验证了态度的中介效应, 以及年龄和感知风险的调节效应这两条附加路径, 加深了对 TPB 模型的理解以及 COVID-19 对旅行意愿的影响。由于 TPB 模型是上下文相关的, 因此本研究使用一个中介变量和两个调节变量可以让未来研究了解 TPB 在不同情况下的功能。

Intención de viajar de los turistas: revisitando el modelo TPB con la edad y el riesgo percibido como moderadores y la actitud como mediadora

Propósito

Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la intención de viajar de los turistas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mediante el uso de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TPB) con vínculos causales y moderadores adicionales. Los tres objetivos de investigación de este estudio son explorar (1) la causalidad básica, (2) los efectos mediadores de la actitud y (3) los efectos moderadores de la edad y el riesgo percibido, del modelo TPB extendido, respectivamente.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Se realizó una encuesta online en Taiwán durante la pandemia del COVID-19. En total, la encuesta generó 351 respuestas. El análisis del modelo estructural se realizó para probar las relaciones de causa y efecto en el modelo TPB tradicional y el papel mediador de la actitud de un individuo con respecto a los viajes durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se aplicó el procedimiento de análisis multigrupo SmartPLS para probar los efectos de moderación de la edad y del riesgo percibido.

Resultados

Se muestra que el control del comportamiento percibido es el principal antecedente de la intención de viajar en el TPB tradicional, mientras que la actitud media parcialmente la relación entre la norma subjetiva y la intención de viajar. Además, los tests de moderación confirman que tanto la edad como el riesgo percibido muestran un efecto moderador significativo solo en la relación entre la norma subjetiva y la intención de viajar.

Originalidad/valor

La novedad de esta investigación es que este estudio propuso y verificó la influencia mediadora de la actitud y los dos efectos moderadores adicionales de la edad y del riesgo percibido, lo cual profundiza en la comprensión del modelo TPB y el impacto del COVID-19 en la intención de viajar. Dado que el modelo TPB depende del contexto, el uso de una variable mediadora y dos variables moderadoras permite comprender mejor cómo el TPB funciona en una situación diferente.

Article
Publication date: 13 December 2021

Katrin Schwaiger, Anita Zehrer and Boris Braun

This study targeted hospitality family business owners as essential pillars of the tourism industry. How they perceive aspects of the crisis and what they derive organizational…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study targeted hospitality family business owners as essential pillars of the tourism industry. How they perceive aspects of the crisis and what they derive organizational resilience from, including the role of their human resources, are explored. Internal and external factors of resilience are analyzed alongside different levels of resilience action.

Design/methodology/approach

The World Health Organization announced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In Tirol, the hospitality industry has particularly been affected as tourism businesses find themselves in the challenging times of returning to normal business, corresponding to the fourth phase in Faulkner’s (2001) Tourism Disaster Management Framework. The authors used a qualitative exploratory approach, using semi-structured interviews.

Findings

In taking on a holistic explorative approach, the authors determined several methods used by entrepreneurs in dealing with a pandemic crisis to increase business resilience at a specific stage. Internal and external resilience factors have been detected among three levels of resilience action (personal, regional and governmental). The most surprising result of the semi-structured in-depth interviews was the entrepreneurs’ rather positive outlook.

Originality/value

Generally, this study creates an in-depth understanding of the tourism businesses in their dealing with a global crisis, using family business owners as an exemplary stakeholder group. The authors bridge a gap in the literature by applying a holistic explorative approach in the early stage of a never seen worldwide crisis and by addressing organizational resilience. Three levels of resilience action give new insight into how the beginning of a pandemic crisis is handled and perceived by hospitality family business entrepreneurs.

目的

本研究的重点是作为区域旅游业骨干的酒店业家庭企业业主。探讨了他们如何应对危机, 以及他们如何看待自己的组织复原力, 包括其人力资源的作用。该研究进一步确定了企业业主的具体角色, 即在处理危机时的不同性格和个人处事方法。

设计/方法/途径

世界卫生组织(WHO)于2020年3月11日宣布了COVID-19的大流行。在蒂罗尔州, 酒店业尤其受到政府措施和旅行禁令的影响。在本研究中, 旅游企业发现自己正处于恢复正常业务的挑战期, 相当于Faulkner(2001)的旅游灾难管理框架中的第四阶段。本研究采用半结构化访谈的定性探索方法来研究问题并得出结论。

研究结果

在采取全面的探索性方法时, 我们发现企业家在特定阶段有几种处理大流行病危机的方法, 以提高企业的复原力。半结构化深度访谈得到最令人惊讶的结果是企业家们相当乐观的心态。

原创性/价值

总的来说, 这项研究以家庭企业业主为示范性的利益相关者群体, 取得了对旅游业处理诸如Covid-19大流行病等危机的更好理解。由于小型家庭企业对旅游和酒店业的重要性, 本研究以Faulkner(2001) 的旅游灾难管理框架为指导工具, 为旅游背景下的危机管理提供了新的视角。

Objetivo

Este estudio se centra en los propietarios de empresas familiares de hostelería que funcionan como la columna vertebral de la industria turística regional. Se explora cómo afrontan la crisis y cómo perciben su propia resiliencia organizativa, incluido el papel de sus recursos humanos.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) anunció una pandemia de COVID-19 el 11 de marzo de 2020. En el Tirol, la industria hotelera se ha visto particularmente afectada por medidas gubernamentales y prohibiciones de viaje. En el presente estudio, las empresas turísticas se encuentran en tiempos difíciles para volver a sus actividades normales, correspondientes a la cuarta fase del Tourism Disaster Management Framework de Faulkner (2001). Se utilizó un enfoque exploratorio cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas para responder a la pregunta de investigación y sacar conclusiones.

Resultados

Al adoptar un enfoque exploratorio holístico, encontramos varias formas en las que los empresarios se enfrentan a una crisis pandémica para aumentar la resiliencia empresarial en una etapa específica. El resultado más sorprendente de las entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas fue el estado de ánimo bastante optimista entre los emprendedores.

Originalidad/valor

En general, el estudio crea una mejor comprensión de cómo la industria del turismo está lidiando con una crisis como la pandemia Covid-19, utilizando a los propietarios de empresas familiares como un grupo de partes interesadas ejemplar. Cubrimos una brecha en la literatura aplicando un enfoque exploratorio holístico y abordando la resiliencia organizacional abiertamente, lo que lleva a tres perspectivas que van desde el gobierno, la región y el individuo (percepciones de los propietarios de empresas familiares) en el contexto del Marco de gestión de desastres turísticos de Faulkner (2001).

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 18 July 2023

Carmen Zarco, Alberto Robles, Javier Valls-Prieto and Oscar Cordon

This study aims to determine how the most sustainable brands in Italy and Spain developed communication and awareness-raising actions during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to determine how the most sustainable brands in Italy and Spain developed communication and awareness-raising actions during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these companies were truly involved in raising public awareness of the pandemic. The authors specifically focus on sustainable companies, as health communication is considered to be an important corporate social responsibility task.

Design/methodology/approach

To answer these questions, the authors have used data on the social media activity (Twitter and Instagram) of these brands in Spain and Italy, extracting the posts and associated hashtags that each of them has published throughout the pandemic to be processed using social network analysis and visualization techniques.

Findings

The detailed analysis of both the levels of activity and the content of the messages provides interesting insights into the communication models of the companies and the influence of factors such as time, country and the specific social media platform used.

Originality/value

The authors analyze the communication of the most sustainable businesses on social media during the pandemic, adopting a highly innovative approach. The particular originality of this study lies in the parallel analysis of two different countries that were simultaneously shaken by the pandemic in very similar circumstances. This study also presents a novel use of graphical representation tools in terms of companies’ behavior for health communication on social media.

Objetivo

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar cómo las marcas reconocidas como las más sostenibles en Italia y España han desarrollado acciones de comunicación durante la pandemia del Covid-19 y si estas empresas se han involucrado realmente en la sensibilización pública de la pandemia. Nos centramos específicamente en las empresas sostenibles dado que la Comunicación en Salud se considera una tarea importante de responsabilidad social corporativa.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Para responder a estas preguntas, hemos utilizado datos de actividad en medios sociales (Twitter e Instagram) de estas marcas en España e Italia, extrayendo los posts y hashtags asociados que cada una ha publicado a lo largo de la pandemia para procesarlos usando técnicas de análisis y visualización de redes sociales.

Resultados

El análisis detallado tanto de los niveles de actividad como del contenido de los mensajes permite obtener conclusiones interesantes sobre los modelos de comunicación de las empresas y la influencia de factores como el tiempo, el país y el medio social concreto utilizado.

Originalidad

Analizamos la comunicación realizada por las compañías más sostenibles en medios sociales durante la pandemia, adoptando un enfoque muy innovador. La particularidad de este estudio radica en el análisis paralelo de dos países diferentes que fueron sacudidos simultáneamente por la pandemia en circunstancias muy similares. Este estudio también conlleva un uso novedoso de herramientas de representación gráfica en términos del comportamiento de las empresas para Comunicación en Salud en medios sociales.

目的

本研究的目的是确定在意大利和西班牙被认为是最可持续发展的品牌在Covid-19大流行期间是如何开展传播行动的, 以及这些公司是否真正参与了提高公众对该大流行病的认识。我们特别关注可持续发展的公司, 因为健康传播被认为是企业社会责任的一项重要任务。

方法

为了回答这些问题, 我们使用了这些品牌在西班牙和意大利的社交媒体活动数据(Twitter和Instagram), 提取了每个品牌在整个大流行期间发布的帖子和相关标签, 并使用社交网络分析和可视化技术进行处理。

结果

通过对活动水平和信息内容的详细分析, 可以得出关于这些公司的传播模式以及诸如时间、国家和所使用的特定社交媒体等因素的影响的有趣结论。

原创性/价值

我们分析了最可持续的公司在大流行期间在社交媒体上进行的传播, 采取了一种非常创新的方法。这项研究的特殊性在于对两个不同国家的平行分析, 这两个国家在非常相似的情况下同时受到大流行病的冲击。这项研究还包括在社交媒体上对公司健康传播行为的图形表示工具的新颖使用。

Article
Publication date: 26 March 2021

Viraiyan Teeroovengadum, Boopen Seetanah, Eric Bindah, Arshad Pooloo and Isven Veerasawmy

This study aims to confirm the expected impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) related to perceived travel risk on the likelihood of tourists to visit a destination. It then aims at…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to confirm the expected impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) related to perceived travel risk on the likelihood of tourists to visit a destination. It then aims at identifying the key predictors of perceived travel risk in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. A theoretically grounded framework is proposed which can be further improved to understand and predict international travel behaviours within the context of global pandemics.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed-methods design is adopted. In the first phase referred to as Study 1, a cross-sectional design is used based on a sample of 217 international outgoing tourists surveyed at the Mauritian International Airport and data is analysed using hierarchical regression. In Phase 2, referred to as Study 2, a purposive sample of tourists around the world are interviewed and data is analysed using the thematic analysis technique.

Findings

The results show that amongst those tourists who are willing to travel in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, the related perceived risk is likely to influence their travelling intention. Several key predictors of perceived travel risks are uncovered, those are categorised as COVID-19 status; transportation services; national sanitary measures; health-care services; accommodation services; ecotourism facilities. Moreover, the potential effects of those factors on perceived COVID-19 related travel risk are likely to be moderated by the trustworthiness of the information.

Practical implications

The implications of the study are important for researchers and policymakers to better understand and predict travellers’ behaviour in times of pandemics. These implications are also important to tourism marketers and transport and hospitality service providers to more effectively manage and mitigate the effect of such events.

Originality/value

The study provides an original comprehensive model grounded in the social cognitive theory and protection motivation theory to understand the predictors of perceived travel risks in relation to COVID-19 at a destination.

设计/方法/途径

本文采用了混合的研究方法设计。在研究1的第一阶段中, 本文采用了横向比较研究设计, 对在毛里求斯国际机场进行调查收集的217名国际出境游客样本, 使用分层回归分析了数据。在第二阶段(研究2)中, 采用了立意取样的抽样方法, 采访了来自世界各地的旅游者, 并使用主题分析技术对数据进行了分析。

目的

这项研究证实了与COVID-19相关的感知旅行风险对游客访问目的地的可能性的预期影响。然后, 它旨在确定COVID-19大流行后感知的旅行风险的关键影响因子。

结论

结果表明, 在COVID-19危机之后愿意旅行的那些游客中, 相关的感知风险很可能会影响他们的旅行意图。感知的旅行风险的几个关键影响因素分为:COVID-19状况; 运输服务; 国家卫生措施; 医疗服务; 住宿服务; 生态旅游设施。而且, 这些因素对与COVID-19相关的感知旅行风险的潜在影响可能会受到信息的可信度的调节影响。

实践意义

该研究对于研究人员和决策者更好地了解和预测大流行期间旅客的行为, 以及旅游营销人员以及运输和酒店服务供应商提供有效管理和减轻此类事件的影响具有重要意义。

原创性/价值

该研究提供了一个原创且全面的模型, 以了解与目的地COVID-19相关的感知旅行风险的影响因素。

Diseño/metodología/enfoque (límite 100 palabras)

Se adopta un diseño de métodos mixtos. En la primera fase, denominada estudio 1, se adopta un diseño transversal basado en una muestra de 217 turistas internacionales encuestados salientes del Aeropuerto Internacional de Mauricio y los datos se analizan mediante regresión jerárquica. En la segunda fase, denominada estudio 2, se entrevista a una muestra intencional de turistas de todo el mundo y se analizan los datos mediante la técnica de análisis temático.

Propósito (límite de 100 palabras)

Este estudio confirma empíricamente el impacto esperado de la percepción del riesgo de viaje relacionado con COVID-19 sobre la probabilidad de que los turistas visiten un destino. A continuación, tiene por objeto identificar los principales factores de predicción del riesgo percibido de los viajes tras la pandemia de COVID-19.

Hallazgos (límite de 100 palabras)

Los resultados muestran que entre los turistas que están dispuestos a viajar tras la crisis de COVID-19, es probable que el riesgo percibido relacionado influya en su intención de viaje. Se han descubierto varios predictores clave de los riesgos percibidos de los viajes, que se clasifican como: Situación de COVID-19; servicios de transporte; medidas sanitarias nacionales; servicios de salud; servicios de alojamiento; instalaciones de ecoturismo. Además, es probable que los posibles efectos de esos factores en la percepción de los riesgos de viaje relacionados con COVID-19 se vean moderados por la fiabilidad de la información.

Consecuencias prácticas (límite de 100 palabras)

Las repercusiones del estudio son importantes para que los investigadores y los encargados de formular políticas comprendan y prevean mejor el comportamiento de los viajeros en épocas de pandemia y también para que el mercado turístico y los proveedores de servicios de transporte y hostelería gestionen y mitiguen más eficazmente el efecto de esos acontecimientos.

Originalidad/valor (límite 100 palabras)

El estudio proporciona un modelo original y completo para comprender los predictores de los riesgos percibidos en los viajes en relación con COVID-19 en un destino.

Article
Publication date: 5 July 2021

Minho Suk and Wonjoon Kim

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a time of crisis and uncertainty for the air transportation industry. The gloomy prospects for the industry have stretched business resilience…

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Abstract

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a time of crisis and uncertainty for the air transportation industry. The gloomy prospects for the industry have stretched business resilience to a critical point. The crisis has caused damage and shock that the aviation industry has never endured before. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of both internally and externally generated airline response strategies by examining business practices for crisis management.

Design/methodology/approach

This study screened research papers and economic reports from authoritative organizations including the International Air Transport Association, International Civil Aviation Organization, World Health Organization and United Nations World Tourism Organization from December 2019 (the month in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred) to March 2021 (the most recent month at present). The authors also integrated publicly recognized news articles to cover a wide range of business practices in the airline industry. The authors conducted thematic analysis by filtering news articles and economic reports that mentioned the keywords “COVID-19,” “pandemic,” “CoV-2,” “coronavirus” and “corona.” The authors coded the airlines’ response actions along the two-axis matrix (time and magnitude) and generated insights in a timely manner.

Findings

Major airlines have modified decision-making in relation to the exponential spread of the virus, which is in direct proportion to the deterioration level in the airline industry. When the impact was low in the early stage, major airlines maintained their status quo. Before long, the magnitude of the destruction became high, which made airlines implement capacity adjustments and request government relief measures. As industrial deterioration deepens, airlines keep calling for state aid packages and have changed their focus to the cargo transportation of high-demand commodities and pharmaceutical supplies. Lastly, industrial adversity and uncertainty have made them defer aggressive takeover opportunities.

Originality/value

Several researchers have investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 on the airline industry. However, there remains a dearth of scholarship on the hampered business activities and crisis management of the airline industry. In the absence of sufficient response strategies against the COVID-19 panic, this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the major airlines’ response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this paper yields an opportunity for on-site management to review how major global airlines have responded to the crisis and find managerial insights to restore their business sustainability.

研究目的

冠状病毒大流行引发了航空业的危机时刻和不确定性。 该行业前景黯淡, 业务弹性已达到临界点。 这场危机造成了航空业从未经历过的破坏和震惊。 在本文中, 我们通过检查用于危机管理的业务实践, 对内部和外部生成的航空公司响应策略提供了全面的了解。

研究方法

我们的研究筛选了IATA, ICAO, WHO和UNWTO等权威组织从2019年12月(发生冠状病毒爆发的月份)到2021年3月(目前的最近一个月)的研究论文和经济报告。 我们还整合了公众认可的新闻报道, 以涵盖航空业的广泛业务实践。 我们通过过滤提及关键词“ COVID-19”, “大流行”, “ CoV-2”, “冠状病毒”的新闻文章和经济报告进行了主题分析。 我们沿两轴矩阵(时间和幅度)对航空公司的响应行动进行了编码, 并及时产生了我们的见解。

结论

大型航空公司已根据行业恶化率修订了有关病毒指数传播的决定。 当最初的影响很小时, 主要航空公司保持现状。 很快, 损失变得如此严重, 以至于航空公司不得不调整机动性并要求政府救济。 随着航空业恶化的加剧, 航空公司继续呼吁国家提供援助计划, 以将重点转移到高需求商品和药品的运输上。 最后, 行业低迷和不确定性延迟了积极的收购机会。

价值

几位研究人员调查了冠状病毒对航空业的影响。 但是, 对于航空业受阻的商业活动和危机管理, 仍然缺乏奖学金。 在没有足够的应对冠状病毒恐慌的应对策略的情况下, 本文旨在全面了解主要航空公司对冠状病毒恐慌的应对策略。 此外, 本文还为现场管理人员提供了一个机会, 可以回顾主要的全球航空公司如何应对危机并找到管理见解以恢复其业务可持续性。

Propósitos de investigación

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha desencadenado una época de crisis e incertidumbre para la industria del transporte aéreo. Las sombrías perspectivas para la industria han llevado la resistencia empresarial a un punto crítico. La crisis ha causado daños y conmociones que la industria de la aviación nunca antes había soportado. En este documento, proporcionamos una comprensión integral de las estrategias de respuesta de las aerolíneas generadas tanto interna como externamente mediante el examen de las prácticas comerciales para la gestión de crisis.

Métodos de investigación

Nuestro estudio examinó los documentos de investigación y los informes económicos de organizaciones autoritarias, incluidas la IATA, la OMS y la ONUWTO, desde diciembre de 2019 (el mes en el que ocurrió el brote de COVID-19) hasta marzo de 2021 (el mes más reciente actualmente). También hemos integrado artículos de noticias reconocidos públicamente para cubrir una amplia gama de prácticas empresariales en la industria aeronáutica. Hemos realizado un análisis temático filtrando artículos de noticias y informes económicos que mencionaban las palabras clave “COVID-19”, “pandémica”, “CoV-2”, “coronavirus” y “corona”. Codificamos las acciones de respuesta de las compañías aéreas a lo largo de la matriz de dos eje (tiempo y magnitud) y generamos nuestras ideas en un momento oportuno.

Conclusión

Las principales aerolíneas han modificado la toma de decisiones en relación con la propagación exponencial del virus, que es directamente proporcional al nivel de deterioro de la industria aeronáutica. Cuando el impacto fue bajo en la etapa inicial, las principales aerolíneas mantuvieron su status quo. En poco tiempo, la magnitud de la destrucción se hizo alta, lo que hizo que las aerolíneas implementaran ajustes de capacidad y solicitaran medidas de socorro del gobierno. A medida que se profundiza el deterioro industrial, las aerolíneas siguen pidiendo paquetes de ayuda estatal y han cambiado su enfoque hacia el transporte de carga de productos básicos de alta demanda y suministros farmacéuticos. Por último, la adversidad y la incertidumbre industriales les han hecho posponer las oportunidades de adquisición agresivas.

Valor

Varios investigadores han investigado los impactos del COVID-19 en la industria de las aerolíneas. Sin embargo, sigue habiendo escasez de estudios sobre las actividades comerciales obstaculizadas y la gestión de crisis de la industria de las aerolíneas. En ausencia de estrategias de respuesta suficientes contra el pánico de COVID-19, este documento tiene como objetivo proporcionar una comprensión integral de las estrategias de respuesta de las principales aerolíneas a la pandemia de COVID-19. Además, este documento brinda una oportunidad para que la gerencia en el sitio revise cómo las principales aerolíneas mundiales han respondido a la crisis y encuentre información gerencial para restaurar la sostenibilidad de su negocio.

Article
Publication date: 16 November 2021

Shama Nazneen, Hong Xu, Nizam Ud Din and Rehmat Karim

The COVID-19 pandemic and the travellers’ behaviour towards travel risk is an emerging issue. Nonetheless, the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts, travel risk perception…

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Abstract

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic and the travellers’ behaviour towards travel risk is an emerging issue. Nonetheless, the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts, travel risk perception, health and safety perception and travel avoidance concerning protection motivation theory is unnoticed. Following the protection motivation theory, the current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. Moreover, the travellers’ cognitive perceptions of risk may vary with their demographic characteristics; therefore, the present study aims to test the differences in group-specific parameter estimates using a multi-group analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors approached travellers from Tianjin, China using different communication services, including WeChat and email, through a snowball sampling technique. The study used 553 valid questionnaires for analysis.

Findings

The results of 553 questionnaires in structural equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS 21 indicated that travellers’ perceived Covid-19 impacts positively correlate with travel avoidance. The study model based on protection motivation theory specifies that travel risk perception and health and safety perception as a cognitive mediating process partially mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. The findings specified that during COVID-19, travellers assessed the severity of travel risks and adopted preventive measures which influenced their travel behaviour and led to travel avoidance. The multi-group analysis results indicated no difference in perception for gender and education; however, concerning age, the significant nested p-value specifies a difference in perception.

Practical implications

The study offers implications for policymakers and the tourism industry to understand the travellers’ perceptions of travel during the pandemic and ensure health and safety measures to encourage travelling and reviving the tourism industry.

Originality/value

The application of protection motivation theory to analyse the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance in the presence of travel risk perception and health and safety perceptions as a cognitive mediating process is novel.

研究目的

COVID-19大流行下的旅行风险问题日益重要。目前, 有关旅游者COVID-19影响感知、旅行风险感知以及健康安全感知与避免旅行之间关系的问题尚未引起学者广泛关注。基于保护动机理论, 本文对COVID-19影响感知与避免旅行之间的直接关系和间接关系进行深入研究。鉴于旅游者旅行风险认知因其人口特征而异, 本文采纳多组分析来检验群体间特定参数估计差异。

研究方法

采用滚雪球抽样方法在中国天津利用微信和电子邮件共收集了553份有效问卷。

研究结果

结构方程模型分析结果显示, 旅游者Covid-19影响感知与避免旅行之间呈正相关关系。基于保护动机理论的研究模型表明, 旅行风险感知和健康安全感知作为认知中间过程, 在COVID-19影响感知与避免旅行之间起到部分中介作用。这说明在COVID-19期间, 旅游者首先评估旅行风险等级并采取预防措施, 而这将影响他们的旅行行为, 甚至导致放弃旅行。此外, 多组分析结果表明, Covid-19影响感知在性别和受教育程度上并不存在显著差异, 但在年龄上差异显著。

实践启示

研究对于政策制定者和旅游业界理解旅游者在疫情期间对旅行的看法以及采取健康和安全措施鼓励游客出游进而实现旅游业复苏具有重要启示。

研究贡献

基于保护动机理论, 引入旅行风险感知和健康安全感知作为中介变量来分析旅游者Covid-19影响感知对避免旅行的影响是本研究的重要创新点。此外, 本研究通过检验Covid-19影响感知在受访者人口学特征上的差异也对现有研究具有一定理论贡献。

Objetivo

La pandemia de COVID-19 y el comportamiento de los viajeros hacia el riesgo del viaje es un asunto emergente. No obstante, los impactos percibidos de COVID-19 por los viajeros, la percepción del riesgo de viaje, la percepción de salud y seguridad, así como la evitación de viajes con respecto a la teoría de la motivación de protección es desapercibida. Por lo tanto, el estudio actual basado en la teoría de la motivación de protección investiga las relaciones directas e indirectas entre los impactos percibidos del COVID-19 y la evitación del viaje. Las percepciones cognitivas del riesgo de los individuos varían con sus características demográficas; por lo tanto, el estudio actual que utiliza un análisis de multigrupo prueba las diferencias en las estimaciones de los parámetros de grupo específico.

Metodología

Nos acercamos a los viajeros de Tianjin, China, utilizando diferentes servicios de comunicación, incluidos WeChat y email, a través de una técnica de muestreo de bola de nieve. El estudio utilizó 553 cuestionarios válidos para el análisis.

Hallazgos

Los resultados empíricos de los 533 cuestionarios en los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MES) indican que los impactos percibidos de Covid-19 se correlacionan positivamente con la evitación del viaje. El resultado implica que los encuestados primero evalúan los riesgos y luego toman las decisiones de viajar; por consiguiente, los hallazgos apoyaron la teoría de la motivación de protección. Los hallazgos también mostraron que la percepción del riesgo de viaje y la percepción de salud y seguridad median entre los impactos percibidos de Covid-19 y la evitación de viajes. Además, los resultados del análisis de multigrupo indican que para el género y la educación, no existe una diferencia; sin embargo, en cuanto a la edad, existe una diferencia significativa en la percepción.

Implicaciones practices

Las implicaciones del estudio son importantes para que los legisladores y la industria del turismo comprendan la percepción de los viajeros durante la pandemia y garanticen las medidas de salud y seguridad para animar a viajar.

Originalidad

La aplicación de la teoría de la motivación de protección para analizar los impactos percibidos de COVID-19 por los viajeros y la evitación del viaje en la presencia de la percepción de riesgo de viaje y la percepción de salud y seguridad como variables mediadoras es novedosa. También, el estudio actual contribuye a la literatura a través de probar el modelo teórico sobre las características demográficas de los encuestados.

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