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Article
Publication date: 17 August 2018

Kannan Murugesan, Kalaichelvan K., M.P. Jenarthanan and Sornakumar T.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of embedded Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) nitinol wire for the enhancement of vibration and damping characteristics of…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of embedded Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) nitinol wire for the enhancement of vibration and damping characteristics of filament-wound fiber-reinforced plastic composite hollow shafts.

Design/methodology/approach

The plain Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) and plain Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) hollow shafts were manufactured by filament winding technique. Experimental modal analysis was conducted for plain hollow shafts of C1045 steel, GFRP and CFRP by subjecting them to flexural vibrations as per ASTM standard C747, with both ends clamped (C-C) end condition to investigate their vibration and damping behavior in terms of first natural frequency, damping time and damping ratio. Nitinol wires pre-stressed at various pre-strains (2, 4 and 6 per cent) were embedded with CFRP hollow shafts following same manufacturing technique, and similar experimental modal analysis was carried out by activating nitinol wires. The first natural frequencies of all the shaft materials were also predicted theoretically and compared with experimental measurements.

Findings

Among the three materials C1045 steel, plain GFRP and plain CFRP, the vibration and damping behavior were found to be the best for plain CFRP. Hence, CFRP shafts were considered for further improvement by embedding nitinol wires at pre-stressed condition. For CFRP shafts embedded with nitinol wires, the damping time decreased; and damping ratio and first natural frequency increased with increase in percentage of pre-strain. In comparison with plain CFRP, 7 per cent increase in first natural frequency and 100 per cent increase in damping ratio were observed for nitinol embedded CFRP shafts with 6 per cent pre-strain. Theoretical predictions of the first natural frequencies agree well with the experimental results for all the shaft materials.

Originality/value

The effect of nitinol on vibration and damping characteristics of filament wound hollow CFRP composite shafts with different pre-strains has not been studied extensively by the previous researchers. This paper addresses the effect of embedded nitinol wires pre-stressed at three varied pre-strains, that is, 2, 4 and 6 per cent on the vibration and damping characteristics of composite hollow CFRP shafts manufactured by filament winding technique.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 47 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 February 2024

Ehab Samir Mohamed Mohamed Soliman

In the present study, a steel lifting lug is replaced with a composite (carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy [CFRP]) lifting lug made of a carbon/epoxy composite. The purpose of this…

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Abstract

Purpose

In the present study, a steel lifting lug is replaced with a composite (carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy [CFRP]) lifting lug made of a carbon/epoxy composite. The purpose of this paper was to obtain a composite lifting lug with a higher level of strength that is capable of carrying loads without failure.

Design/methodology/approach

The vibration and static behaviors of steel and composite lifting lugs have been investigated using finite element analysis (FEA), ANSYS software. The main consideration in the design of the composite (CFRP) lifting lug was that the displacement of both steel and composite lugs was the same under the same load. Hence, by using the FEA displacement result of the steel lifting lug, the thickness of the composite lifting lug is determined using FEA.

Findings

Compared to the steel lifting lug, the composite (CFRP) lifting lug has much lower stresses and much higher natural frequencies. Static behavior was experienced by the composite lifting lug, showing a reduction in von Mises stress, third principal stress and XZ shear stress, respectively, by 48.4%, 34.6% and 89.8%, respectively, when compared with the steel lifting lug. A higher natural frequency of mode shape swaying in X (258.976√1,000 Hz) was experienced by the composite lifting lug when compared to the steel lifting lug (195.935√1,000 Hz). The safe strength of the design composite lifting lug has been proven by FEA results, which showed that the composite (CFRP) lifting lug has a higher factor of safety in all developed stresses than the steel lifting lug. According to von Mises stress, the factor of safety of the composite lifting lug is increased by 76% when compared to the steel lifting lug. The von Mises stress at the edge of the hole in the composite lifting lug is reduced from 23.763 MPa to 20.775 MPa when compared to the steel lifting lug.

Originality/value

This work presents the designed composite (CFRP) lifting lug, which will be able to carry loads with more safety than a steel one.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 November 2020

S. Madhu and M. Balasubramanian

The purpose of this study is for solving many issues in production that includes processing of complex-shaped profile, machining of high-strength materials, good surface finish…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is for solving many issues in production that includes processing of complex-shaped profile, machining of high-strength materials, good surface finish with high-level precision and minimization of waste. Among the various advanced machining processes, abrasive jet machining (AJM) is one of the non-traditional machining techniques used for various applications such as polishing, deburring and hole making. Hence, an overview of the investigations done on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRFP) composites becomes important.

Design/methodology/approach

Discussion on various approaches to AJM, the effect of process parameters on the glass fiber and carbon fiber polymeric composites are presented. Kerf characteristics, surface roughness and various nozzle design were also discussed.

Findings

It was observed that abrasive jet pressure, stand-off distance, traverse rate, abrasive size, nozzle diameter, angle of attack are the significant process parameters which affect the machining time, material removal rate, top kerf, bottom kerf and kerf angle. When the particle size is maximum, the increased kinetic energy of the particle improves the penetration depth on the CFRP surface. As the abrasive jet pressure is increased, the cutting process is enabled without severe jet deflection which in turn minimizes the waviness pattern, resulting in a decrease of the surface roughness.

Research limitations/implications

The review is limited to glass fiber and carbon fiber polymeric composites.

Practical implications

In many applications, the use of composite has gained wide acceptance. Hence, machining of the composite need for the study also has gained wide acceptance.

Social implications

The usage of composites reduces the usage of very costly materials of high density. The cost of the material also comes down.

Originality/value

This paper is a comprehensive review of machining composite with abrasive jet. The paper covers in detail about machining of only GFRP and CFRP composites with various nozzle designs, unlike many studies which has focused widely on general AJM of various materials.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 18 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 November 1970

A.S. Henney

A review of CFRP dealing with its processing, properties and some of the ways in which it could be used in conjunction with conventional materials. The importance of the…

Abstract

A review of CFRP dealing with its processing, properties and some of the ways in which it could be used in conjunction with conventional materials. The importance of the utilization of carbon fibres in commercially useful as well as experimental structures is discussed. This may be achieved by using the fibres in conjunction with conventional sheet metal components, as a preliminary step toward the 100 per cent reinforced plastic structure. A few such applications are described, together with a brief summary of the fibre processing and properties as an aid to preliminary design studies.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 42 no. 11
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 1 May 2019

Prashant Rangrao Jagtap and Sachin M. Pore

This study aims to use carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates to strengthen the compression flange of structural I-beam so as to avoid local failure of compression…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to use carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates to strengthen the compression flange of structural I-beam so as to avoid local failure of compression flange and to take a load to its full capacity. Light weight beam (LB) 100 at 5.1 kg/m and LB 115 at 8.1 kg/m are used for this purpose. The compression flange of a beam is well prepared to ensure a rust-free surface so as to achieve proper bonding between the flange and fiber sheet to avoid de-bonding at the time of testing. A flange of the beam is strengthened using CFRP sheets applied to it with the help of adhesive. The beam with CFRP is cured in air for 48 h before testing. Experiments are performed in a loading frame of 100 T capacity. Results show that the load carrying capacity of the strengthened beam increased by 25-30 per cent compared to the control beam (non-strengthened), and the local failure of the compression flange due to the applied load is totally avoided. The elastic behavior of the strengthened beam is also increased compared to the non-strengthened beam, which gives a higher yield point.

Design/methodology/approach

Different methods exist for strengthening various structures. Use of CFRP appears to be an excellent solution. Vast research has been conducted on the use of CFRP for strengthening and retrofitting of steel structures. The load carrying capacities of steel beams can be increased by strengthening their compression flange by using CFRP and avoiding the local failure of beams at early stages.

Findings

The load carrying capacity of a beam strengthened with CFRP increased by 25-30 per cent compared to the non-strengthened beam. In addition, the elastic behavior of the strengthened beam is also improved.

Originality/value

The compression flange of the steel beam is strengthened using different layers of CFRP strips to avoid the local failure, and its deflection is observed using linear variable deformation transducer.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol. 17 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 18 May 2023

Pradeep Kumar Mishra and Jagadesh T.

The tensile behavior of additively manufactured nylon-based carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRP) is an important criterion in aerospace and automobile structural design. So…

Abstract

Purpose

The tensile behavior of additively manufactured nylon-based carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRP) is an important criterion in aerospace and automobile structural design. So, this study aims to evaluate and validate the tensile stiffness of printed CFRP composites (low- and high-volume fraction fiber) using the volume average stiffness (VAS) model in consonance with experimental results. In specific, the tensile characterization of printed laminate composites is studied under the influence of raster orientations and process-induced defects.

Design/methodology/approach

CFRP composite laminates of low- and high-volume fraction carbon fiber of different raster orientations (0°, ± 45° and 0/90°) were fabricated using the continuous fiber 3D printing technique, and tensile characteristics of laminates were done on a universal testing machine with the crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The induced fracture surface of laminates due to tensile load was examined using the scanning electron microscopy technique.

Findings

The VAS model can predict the tensile stiffness of printed CFRP composites with different raster orientations at an average prediction error of 5.94% and 10.58% for low- and high-volume fiber fractions, respectively. The unidirectional CFRP laminate composite with a high-volume fraction (50%) of carbon fiber showed 50.79% more tensile stiffness and 63.12% more tensile strength than the low-volume fraction (26%) unidirectional composite. Fiber pullout, fiber fracture and ply delamination are the major failure appearances observed in fracture surfaces of laminates under tensile load using scanning electron microscopy.

Originality/value

This investigation demonstrates the novel methodology to study specific tensile characteristics of low- and high-volume fraction 3D printed CFRP composite.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 29 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 July 2014

Piotr Tyczyński, Jan Lemańczyk, Robert Ostrowski and Romana Ewa S´liwa

The purpose of this paper is to analyze machinability of CFRP, GFRP, GLARE-type composites in drilling process taking into account their features and properties (the geometric…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze machinability of CFRP, GFRP, GLARE-type composites in drilling process taking into account their features and properties (the geometric characteristics, the volume fraction and the mechanical properties of the individual components of the composite). Drilling in non-plan surfaces and slope drilling.

Design/methodology/approach

The tests were carried out in two stages: perpendicular drilling of materials such as GLARE with special drill bits, and drilling of composite structures with non-planar surfaces made of unidirectional carbon fiber prepregs, using the modified special drill. Measurement of cutting forces and torque, stress distribution (photoelastic method) and a visual assessment of defects occurring during drilling allowed to determine the relationship between the type and geometry of the composite drill.

Findings

Identified great effect of kind of composite on the machinability of these materials has substantiated modification of the standard geometry of drills and matching this geometry to specific properties of the various type of composites.

Practical implications

Drilling of assembly holes for aerospace parts.

Originality/value

New type of drill geometry for different type of composite.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal, vol. 86 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 12 June 2017

Saeed Bakhtiyari, Arsalan Kalali, Leila Taghi Akbari and Farhang Farahbod

This paper aims to evaluate fire resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened concrete slabs in two forms of unprotected and protected against fire.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate fire resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened concrete slabs in two forms of unprotected and protected against fire.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the objective, an unstrengthened and two CFRP-strengthened concrete slabs were first subjected to increasing gravity loading until failure. Subsequently, the unstrengthened concrete slab was placed on a furnace and was subjected to a constant service gravity load and then, the temperature of the furnace was increased according to a standard temperature–time curve until the failure of the slab occurred. This slab was strengthened by CFRP with two different amounts and then, in two cases of unprotected and protected against fire, was tested in accordance with the aforementioned method.

Findings

The gravity test results revealed that CFRP strips bonded to concrete slabs increased the load-bearing capacity considerably. So, this method can be suitable for flexural strengthening of concrete slabs. The fire test results showed that because of more load-bearing capacity and subsequently increase in service gravity load, the strengthened concrete slab failed in a short time due to the lack of CFRP resistance against fire. By contrast, the protected specimens resisted the fire in a considerable time. In addition, it was revealed that details of fire protective coating had an important effect on fire resistance duration.

Originality/value

It is notable that in the literature, there is a lack of data on the fire endurance of fiber-reinforced polymer-strengthened concrete slabs alone without any fire protection system. Furthermore, the applicability and effectiveness of a new kind of spray mineral fire protective coatings was evaluated.

Details

International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, vol. 8 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1759-5908

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 January 2020

Sabiha Barour, Abdesselam Zergua, Farid Bouziadi and Waleed Abed Jasim

This paper aims to develop a non-linear finite element model predicting the response of externally strengthened beams under a three-point flexure test.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to develop a non-linear finite element model predicting the response of externally strengthened beams under a three-point flexure test.

Design/methodology/approach

The ANSYS software is used for modeling. SOILD65, LINK180, SHELL181 and SOLID185 elements are used, respectively, to model concrete, steel reinforcement, polymer and steel plate support. A parametric study was carried out. The effects of compressive strength, Young’s modulus, layers number and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer thickness on beam behavior are analyzed. A comparative study between the non-linear finite element and analytical models, including the ACI 440.2 R-08 model, and experimental data is also carried out.

Findings

A comparative study of the non-linear finite element results with analytical models, including the ACI 440.2 R-08 model and experimental data for different parameters, shows that the strengthened beams possessed better resistance to cracks. In general, the finite element model’s results are in good agreement with the experimental test data.

Practical implications

This model will predict the strengthened beams behavior and can describe the beams physical conditions, yielding the results that can be interpreted in the structural study context without using a laboratory testing.

Originality/value

On the basis of the results, a good match is found between the model results and experimental data at all stages of loading the tested samples. Crack models obtained in the non-linear finite element model in the beams are also presented. The submitted finite element model can be used to predict the behavior of the reinforced concrete beam. Also, the comparative study between an analytical model proposed by of current code of ACI 440.2 R-08 and finite element analysis is investigated.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 17 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 2 November 2018

Majed Mokhtari, M. Shahravy and M. Zabihpoor

The purpose of this study is to focus on the developments of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) panels with stepwise graded properties on adhesive layer. The various arranges…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to focus on the developments of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) panels with stepwise graded properties on adhesive layer. The various arranges of the graded properties of the adhesive layer have been checked according to experimental results of the literatures and based on applicability.

Design/methodology/approach

The finite element (FE) models and experimental modal tests of the manufactured CFRP sandwich panel specimens have been investigated. The core thickness, core density and orientation of the fiber direction of the sandwich panel face – sheets have been parametrically checked based on modal behavior. Two fully free and fully clamped boundary conditions (BC) have been checked in stepwise graded adhesive zone (SGAZ) cases and first five non-zero natural frequencies (NF) have been compared. Dynamic response of the SGAZ includes modal analysis and transient dynamic loading have been performed numerically with ABAQUS 6.12 well-known FE code.

Findings

The first non-zero NF of SGAZ Case 4 was 11.69 per cent higher than homogenous Case 2 and 7.06 per cent lower than Case 1 in fully free boundary conditions. A total of 26.38 per cent is the greatest discrepancy between fist five non-zero NFs of all cases with two BCs (Case 1 vs Case 2 in fully clamped BC). Maximum structural damping behavior and minimum stress picks have been studied during transient dynamic loading analysis of CFRP panel with SGAZ. SGAZ Case 3 (middle adhesive with lower modulus) has increased the maximum structural damping while reducing the minimum out of plain tip displacements during transient dynamic loading by 111.26 per cent in comparison with homogenous Case 2. Also, Case 3 has reduced the Mises stress picks on the adhesive region by 605.68 per cent.

Practical implications

Making a stepwise graded adhesive region (without any added mass) has been shown that it is a novel and useful way to achieve a wide range of stiffness on CFRP panels.

Originality/value

Development of the sandwich panels with various stiffness and damping properties.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 91 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1748-8842

Keywords

1 – 10 of 389