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This paper aims to present a comprehensive analysis of deburring effectiveness and surface layer properties after deburring process by wire brushing from milled 7075 aluminium alloys objects. Edge states (rounding, chamfering), surface roughness around the edge, microhardness and residual stress distribution were analyzed.

During the machining process, undesirable phenomenon occurs, which is the formation of burrs at the edges of workpieces. They occur in most elements formed by machining. There are many methods that can be used for deburring, but in the case of large components, typical of aerospace industry, using certain methods becomes difficult or uneconomic. Taking advantage of the fact that a part is mounted on the machine, it is advisable to make deburring operation the last action. This operation can be carried out by wire brushing.

On the basis of conducted studies, it was demonstrated that it was possible to choose such technological brushing conditions as to ensure an effective process of deburring, form appropriate edge state and generate the desired surface layer properties.

The method presented in the article allows for efficient, automatic deburring, especially for large components made of 7075 aluminium alloy. This eliminates manual, time-consuming methods of removing burrs by locksmiths. Moreover, the results allow to evaluate changes occurring in the surface layer after brushing process.

Results of brushing experiment provide full information on selection of technological parameters to obtain the required surface roughness and edge state. Moreover, analysis of surface layer properties (microhardness, residual stress) allows to assess the degree of impact hitting fibre on the workpiece.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a robotic tooth brushing simulator mimicking realistic tooth brushing motions, thereby facilitating greater understanding of the generation of realistic tooth brushing motion for optimal design of toothbrushes.

Tooth brushing motions were measured via a motion capture system. Different motion patterns of brushing were analysed. A series of elliptical motion segments were generated by interpolating ellipse‐like trajectories. Furthermore, a path generation algorithm for brushing simulation was proposed. A path planning system incorporating robot motion control was developed to simulate realistic tooth brushing. The generality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm was demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.

The interpolation of ellipse‐like trajectories can generate elliptical motion segments. Furthermore, realistic tooth brushing can be achieved by integrating the elliptical motion segments into the path generated from the surfaces of teeth. The brushing simulator demonstrated good reproducibility of clinically standardized tooth brushing.

A robotic toothbrush assessment system is a potential application to the robotic tooth brushing simulator by incorporating control of brushing variables, including brushing pressure, speed and temperature.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of using robotic simulation techniques towards improved realistic human tooth brushing motions simulation for optimal design of tooth brushes.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the influence of deburring by wire brushing upon states of magnesium alloy edges.

AZ91HP and AZ31 magnesium alloy samples were machined with the use of recommended, catalog milling parameters. Burrs formed at the edges after milling were removed by brushing. Three different kinds of brushes were tested. Edge states (values of edge radius) after wire brushing were specified. Surface roughness was measured near the brushed edges.

Experimental results show that wire brushing is an efficient deburring method, which can be fully automated on machining centers. Depending on the requirements, specific values of edge radius as well as surface roughness may be obtained.

The article will help technological process designers select tools for deburring after milling of magnesium alloys.

The paper presents the automated deburring method which can provide the required edge radius of aerospace components.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the salivary fluoride retention as fluoride concentration, amount of soluble fluoride, half-life (t_1/2) and salivary flow rate of different amounts of toothpaste and rinsing procedures.

A randomized crossover study of 21 healthy volunteers was designed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of 1 g (B1) and 0.3 g (B0.3) of toothpaste without rinsing and brushing with 1 g of toothpaste with expectoration followed by water rinsing (B1R). Unstimulated saliva was collected before brushing as a baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after the completion of the tooth brushing procedure.

The salivary fluoride concentration and amount of soluble fluoride of the B1 group were significantly higher than the B0.3 and B1R groups. The B1 and B1R groups prolonged the remineralizing level up to 60 min while the B0.3 group retained their remineralizing levels for 30 min. The initial t_1/2 (rapid phase) of B1 and B1R groups were significantly longer than the B0.3 group. The late t_1/2 (slow phase) of the B0.3 group was significantly longer than the B1 group. This is called the two-compartment open pharmacokinetics model. There was no statistical difference of salivary flow rates between all groups.

Non-rinsing and the amount of fluoride toothpaste play an important role in raising salivary fluoride levels and prolonging the remineralizing level of the oral cavity.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of a toothbrushing intervention delivered in primary schools in Yorkshire and the Humber, a Northern district of England. The toothbrushing intervention was designed with the intention of improving the oral health of young children. The paper reports the effectiveness of the intervention and explores process issues related to its co-ordination and delivery.

The evaluation had three data gathering approaches. These were: in-depth case studies of three selected schools participating in the toothbrushing programme; interviews with oral health promoters responsible for the programme in the district; and a small scale questionnaire-based survey which was sent to the 18 schools participating in the intervention.

The intervention was accepted by children and they enjoyed participating in the toothbrushing scheme. Children had often become more knowledgeable about toothbrushing and the consequences of not regularly cleaning their teeth. The scheme was contingent on key staff in the school and the programme was more successful where school's embraced, rather than rejected the notion of improving children's health alongside educational attainment. Whether the intervention made differences to brushing in the home requires further investigation, but there is a possibility that children can act as positive “change agents” with siblings and other family members.

This paper suggests that schools can be an effective setting for implementing toothbrushing interventions.

Toothbrushing in schools programmes are a relatively new initiative that have not been fully explored, especially using qualitative approaches or focusing on the views of children. This paper makes a particular contribution to understanding the process and delivery of toothbrushing interventions delivered in primary schools. The implications for programmes outside of the UK context are discussed.

A SPECIFICATION is essentially a method of ensuring that a purchaser obtains a product made and finished to his requirements. Any individual or group can prepare a specification but it must be technically feasible if it is to be accepted by the contractor. The preparation of a good specification is a skilled undertaking. It must cover all points that may give rise to disputes but it should not insist on a standard well above that actually required, as this will result in an unnecessarily expensive product. A specification may contain both aims and methods to be employed in achieving the aims, e.g. ‘ … remove all rust and scale by blast cleaning’. Clearly, the method specified must be capable of achieving the aim or disputes will inevitably arise. In the above phrase the substitution of ‘wire brushing’ for ‘blast cleaning’ would almost certainly lead to problems because generally all rust and scale cannot be removed by wire‐brushing. If the phrase were altered to ‘ … remove rust and scale by wire brushing’ this would be acceptable in that some rust and scale can be removed by wire brushing, but it is too vague for a specification.

This experimental study seeks to explore the impact of media images on women's body dissatisfaction and to assess whether this impact could be reduced by an educational intervention describing the power of air‐brushing.

The study involved a 2×2 factorial design with two conditions: picture (thin vs fatter) and air‐brushing intervention (present vs absent). A total of 200 women completed measures of body dissatisfaction before and after viewing the experimental information.

The results showed that women felt consistently more dissatisfied with their bodies after viewing thin pictures and more satisfied after viewing fatter pictures. In addition, the air‐brushing intervention reduced the detrimental effect of viewing the thinner pictures but had no effect on the benefits of viewing the fatter pictures.

Media images may have a role to play in body dissatisfaction in women. But a simple intervention focusing on air‐brushing can facilitate a more critical perspective and thus provide a buffer against the influence of media images.

This paper seeks to assess the oral health status and behaviour of a sample of the Mauritian population visiting private dental clinics.

Oral health status was determined using the World Health Organization (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index indicating the prevalence of caries, and factors associated with oral health behaviour were investigated. Cross‐sectional data on oral health behaviour and demographic characteristics were collected through a structured 22‐item self‐designed survey questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sample of 250 Mauritians visiting private dental clinics. The data were statistically analysed to examine associations between oral health variables.

Analyses revealed significant correlations between DMFT scores, age and socioeconomic status. Over 80 per cent of the children below the age of 11 had DMFT scores higher than the acceptable WHO value of 3, and most adults older than 45 years had DMFT scores higher than 7. A large majority (85 per cent) reported using both fluoride toothpaste and tongue scrapers, but none reported using dental floss. Those who brushed teeth only once daily had high DMFT scores. Among males, smokers had significantly higher mean DMFT than non‐smokers. Females demonstrated better rates of good oral health behaviour than males. Respondents from higher socioeconomic classes were between three to five times more likely to visit dental clinics than those from lower classes.

This study reveals the need for intervention programmes to raise awareness of good oral health practices among the Mauritian people.

The results identified the high risk groups and highlighted the need for dental education, taking into consideration socioeconomic status and sociodemographics in order to enable Mauritians to become oral‐hygiene‐conscious and active partners for the management of oral health and prevention of systemic diseases.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of oral hygiene promoting program (OHPP) using a smartphone endomicroscope among students in elementary schools in Bangkok, Thailand, to enable their oral hygiene maintenance and to compare oral health outcomes in the intervention program between the experimental and control groups.

This is a quasi-experimental research study consisting of two groups, a pretest, a posttest and a follow-up design. The student sample consisted of 59 fifth graders who matched the study criteria on medium and low levels of teeth brushing skills. There were 29 experimental group participants who completed the six-week OHPP using a smartphone endomicroscope. Another 30 participants formed the control group involved in the ordinary oral health education program. The comparison data for oral health behaviors (knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)) and oral hygiene were statistically analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Results indicated that the experimental group exhibited higher oral health behaviors regarding KAPs and oral hygiene related to teeth cleanliness and gum health than the control group in the postexperimental and follow-up phases. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to tongue cleanliness.

The students maintain their own oral hygiene due to a provision of activities related to KAP concerns. The instrument helped the students to find tooth decay and dental plaque associated with teeth cleanliness after brushing their teeth.

Fibral materials consist of a matrix of nylon fibres through which a resin and abrasive slurry is sprayed. The slurry coats the fibres and, after drying and curing, the resin bonds the fibres together at their intersections and also bonds the abrasive grain to the fibres.