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1 – 10 of over 16000The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legal issues of simultaneous Internet transmission of broadcasting programs of the Open University of Japan (OUJ) and to take legal…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legal issues of simultaneous Internet transmission of broadcasting programs of the Open University of Japan (OUJ) and to take legal measures to promote the mutual utilization of open university courses in Japan, the UK, China and Korea.
Design/methodology/approach
The author examines the legal relationship regarding Internet simultaneous distribution of broadcast courses at the OUJ. The author then considers the legal relationship between the UK, China and South Korea regarding the simultaneous transmission of broadcast courses over the internet. Based on that consideration, this paper clarifies legal measures to promote its utilization.
Findings
Internet transmission of broadcasting courses will be webcasting. Arguably, it can be assumed to be streaming and on-demand, albeit controversial. Webcasting will be publicly transmitted, but there is only an on-demand provision for Internet transmission. As webcasting is streaming and on-demand, it involves reproduction of broadcasting courses. Therefore, webcasting needs to provide streaming provision for public transmission rights and associate them with reproduction right.
Originality/value
The originality of this paper lies in clarifying the legal response of the object, subject and rights of webcasting from the perspective of the OUJ, in order to dispel legal problems that may arise in the future against this unexplored phenomenon. Additionally, this paper is valuable in that it presents legal consistency from the point of view of the comparative laws of Japan, the UK, China and South Korea, based on an examination of the legal response in Japan.
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This article aims to investigate whether and how the application of European state aid rules to the public funding of public broadcasting organisations in Europe has advanced…
Abstract
Purpose
This article aims to investigate whether and how the application of European state aid rules to the public funding of public broadcasting organisations in Europe has advanced public broadcasting as a policy process and made it more adaptive to the challenges of the digital age.
Design/methodology/approach
The findings are based on a triangulation of literature study, document analysis and expert interviews (with over 50 stakeholders involved with the topic of state aid and public broadcasting).
Findings
The article consists of four main parts. Firstly, the issue of state aid and public broadcasting is contextualised within the heated discussions on the legitimacy of European intervention in a cultural policy domain such as broadcasting. Secondly, the analytical framework is presented. Thirdly, analysis of specific state aid cases follows. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are outlined. The article concludes that European state aid policy has furthered a public service media project in the EU member states.
Research limitations/implications
The article fills a void in current fragmented and often overly descriptive or overly ideological assessments of the relevance of state aid policy for public service broadcasting.
Practical implications
The paper contributes to ongoing policy debates about the issue of state aid policy for public service broadcasting.
Originality/value
The article fills a void in current fragmented and often overly descriptive or overly ideological assessments of the relevance of state aid policy for public service broadcasting.
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The purpose of this study is to review current policy debates on convergence in Korea and the UK. This study compares the two countries' cases of how they prepare for convergence…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to review current policy debates on convergence in Korea and the UK. This study compares the two countries' cases of how they prepare for convergence, what are the regulatory frameworks, and what are the conflicting issues in the convergence.
Design/methodology/approach
This study conducts a comparative case study between Korean and the UK. Data are collected through literature review, regulatory document and market research.
Findings
The regulation in the UK has been focused on how to change the notion of public interest in the convergence era, whereas the agenda in Korea seems to be how to apply a legacy of public interest to convergence services. The laws of public interest in Korea have been drawn from a legacy regime, which makes applying in a convergence era increasingly difficult. There is a compelling need for conceptual clarification in understanding the meaning of public interest in the convergence environment.
Research limitations/implications
Future research may further investigate the effective regulatory framework in the emerging convergence era.
Practical implications
Regulation needs to be transparent, clear and proportional and distinguish between transport and content. This implies a more horizontal approach to regulation with a homogenous treatment of all transport network infrastructure and associated services, irrespective of the nature of the services carried.
Originality/value
This research identifies issues regarding convergences and suggests a way in which the two different principles of broadcasting and telecommunications can be integrated; how public interest laws can be reconciled with considerations of competition and economic efficiency is explained.
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This paper examines recent Canadian public policies intended to create a window for domestic entertainment programming on television in the face of a series of economic and…
Abstract
This paper examines recent Canadian public policies intended to create a window for domestic entertainment programming on television in the face of a series of economic and technological factors which favour greater cultural integration with the American television market. These factors include the limited revenues available to the conventional public and private TV sectors, audience fragmentation through cable, and both the readily availability, and audience acceptance in English Canada, of inexpensive shows from the USA. Recent policies have focussed upon increasing the number of Canadian cable channels in a country where most people subscribe to cable; but paradoxically, public funding for the mainstay of domestic entertainment programming, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, is being drastically cut. The impacts of these cuts on the Corporation’s mandate, and proposed remedies, are outlined. It is concluded that public broadcasting policies are now being determined by economic rather than cultural goals, and that the Corporation is a victim of this trend.
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The research explored, over seven years, the strategies and impact of six UK pressure groups. The main method used was in‐depth interviews. In addition, extensive searches of…
Abstract
The research explored, over seven years, the strategies and impact of six UK pressure groups. The main method used was in‐depth interviews. In addition, extensive searches of several literatures and database, archival, print, government and online works were undertaken, as was unobtrusive monitoring of consultations and other group communications. The data strongly suggested that these groups raised awareness of, and debate about, compelling broadcasting issues that affect viewers and listeners as citizens. At times, they achieved legislative changes. Groups that built strategic relationships with target publics, in tandem with media advocacy and media education, were more likely to achieve their goals, but relationship building was itself a successful outcome and contributed to ad hoc alliances/coalitions that increased organizational effectiveness. Overall, these groups had an impact on the range and quality of broadcasting issues discussed and on citizen engagement in broadcasting issues on national, regional and, increasingly, global levels. This research is one of the first studies from the activist perspective and posits public relations' value to democratic dialogue. It also presents a cross‐cultural perspective that may be transferable to other societies.
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This study compares the strategies and impact of six British activist groups, as documented in 1997, with data gathered on the same groups in 2000. These groups, Voice of the…
Abstract
This study compares the strategies and impact of six British activist groups, as documented in 1997, with data gathered on the same groups in 2000. These groups, Voice of the Listener and Viewer, Campaign for Quality Television, Deaf Broadcasting Council, Consumers Association, National Consumers Council and National Listeners and Viewers Association, attempted to build a public sphere for generating debate around and catalysing changes to broadcasting policies and programming. They were tracked in 2000 in order to identify those issues, relationships and groups that had endured. The research design provided a telescopic look at their interactions with their targets and with each other during a period of rapid technological and industry change. In a multichannel broadcasting environment where convergence and globalisation are buzzwords, activists used public relations to create a broader public forum for a wide range of significant issues with which to engage demographically, psychographically and geographically diverse publics. The ensuing media education, media advocacy and relationship building, although elite in origins, strengthened democratic discourse, thus reaffirming broadcasting’s invaluable role in civil society.
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Resources are provided for teachers in various ways and forms, from funding and support resulting from national and regional policy to specific components in an educational system…
Abstract
Resources are provided for teachers in various ways and forms, from funding and support resulting from national and regional policy to specific components in an educational system like books and microcomputers. Underlying such a transactional process are models of communication and assumptions about communication. Among these assumptions lie that of assuring that teachers need to know in order to teach effectively, that the provision of structures to inform teachers is a desirable feature of an effective educational system, that the choice of communication media is affected by cost factors which constrain free curricular choice, and that each of the broadcasting media used to enrich the process of teaching has attractive and frustrating features. In using systems like educational broadcasting, interactive video, cable and satellite TV, and videotext, teachers and educationalists can readily see the potential benefits and challenges of each medium, both in terms of their use in teaching and in terms of how and what they tell teachers about availability and cost and appropriateness to particular tasks. In looking at these issues, it is argued that there are many opportunities for enriching teaching but that at the same time there is a risk of abuse (e.g. education as entertainment, ideological manipulation, skills‐based learning instead of conceptual learning, lack of integrated media planning).
The paper aims to identify issues in broadcasting and telecommunications regulation and law arising from technological convergence and to suggest a new framework for an integrated…
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to identify issues in broadcasting and telecommunications regulation and law arising from technological convergence and to suggest a new framework for an integrated approach to policy and regulation.
Design/methodology/approach
A set of South African laws, regulations, bills and policy papers is reviewed to establish to what extent they promote, or at least adapt to, technological convergence using three tests: technological neutrality, integration of policy processes and a “level playing field” for competition.
Findings
It is suggested that current law and regulation fails to meet the South African Government's stated aim of promoting convergence. It is suggested that a reason for this may be the difference in the public interest “rationales” for broadcasting and telecommunications regulation, with the former being largely social and political and the latter largely economic. A new paradigm based on the constitutional principle of freedom of expression is suggested as providing a means of establishing a neutral public interest framework for developing and adapting regulation under conditions of technological convergence.
Research limitations/implications
The research methodology is qualitative. Further research on the economic, social and political welfare costs of regulatory failures to adapt to convergence may be helpful in informing policy, legal and regulatory debates in the future.
Originality/value
This paper suggests a new rights‐based means of direct comparison of public interest costs and benefits across broadcasting and telecommunications using a principle that is present in the South African constitution as well as in international law.
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Guan-Yu Lin, Yi-Shun Wang, Yu-Min Wang and Meng-Hsuan Lee
The study aims to examine the relationships among personality traits (i.e. the Big Five personality traits and locus of control), self-perceived facial attractiveness, motivations…
Abstract
Purpose
The study aims to examine the relationships among personality traits (i.e. the Big Five personality traits and locus of control), self-perceived facial attractiveness, motivations (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) and intention toward live stream broadcasting. It also investigates the moderating role of perceived behavioral control in the relationship between motivations and intention.
Design/methodology/approach
Data collected from a sample of 637 participants are used to examine the research model and test the hypotheses with the employment of partial least squares structural equation modeling.
Findings
The study shows that motivations and perceived behavioral control are significant predictors of intention. Perceived behavioral control has a significant moderating effect between motivations and intention. Intrinsic motivation is positively influenced by self-perceived facial attractiveness, agreeableness, extraversion and internal locus of control, while extrinsic motivation is positively predicted by self-perceived facial attractiveness, conscientiousness and extraversion.
Originality/value
This study enhances our understanding of the determinants of intention toward live stream broadcasting by exploring its relationships with motivations, self-perceived facial attractiveness and personality, as well as the moderating effects of perceived behavioral control.
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This study seeks to survey the current convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication, examine the policy questions that arise in Korea and present a review of current…
Abstract
Purpose
This study seeks to survey the current convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication, examine the policy questions that arise in Korea and present a review of current regulation in this field.
Design/methodology/approach
From a technical perspective, the convergence between telecommunications and broadcasting is emerging as both industries move towards digital standards. Yet, from a policy‐making perspective, convergence seems premature and may not be desirable. This study focuses in particular on the digital media broadcasting (DMB) service, which is currently being developed in Korea.
Findings
The paper suggests perspectives on forthcoming satellite DMB service developments, and the implications of this emerging technological breakthrough. The study indicates that current broadcasting‐based regulatory frameworks may tend to deter technological convergence and thus delay service introduction in the market.
Originality/value
The paper concludes with a new regulatory model with more consideration of service providers and users.
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