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Uses chaos theory as a model and explores the requirements for strategizing in a rapidly‐changing business environment. Conjectures that organizations in a fast‐paced business environment need continuous processes of strategy development to be strategic. Suggests that strategic thinking needs to be embedded in the manager’s role, all organizational processes, and the culture inself in order for an organization to be strategic.

Explores how organizational culture is created, how it impacts and is impacted by the business, and how inclusion and participation become cultural norms. Discusses aspects needed for an inclusive, participative culture in terms of industrial democracy. Then, raises the challenge that evolutionary implementation of participative strategies won’t succeed. Concludes that we need to change our fundamental assumptions about human nature, organizational philosophy, and business strategy to self‐organization. Only then will participation work effectively