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Purpose – Emissions trading is often heralded as an efficient approach to environmental regulation. In the mid-90s Communities for a Better Environment (CBE), a Los Angeles-based advocacy organization, raised concerns that emissions trading in the South Coast Air Basin, the most polluted region in Southern California, would result in environmental injustice. The organizations concerns received mixed responses from regulators. Historical analysis is used to assess the clash between emissions trading and environmental justice (EJ).

Methodology/approach – Emissions trading and EJ arose side by side between the 1960s and the 1990s, yet they disagree on how to clean the air. Historical analysis of legal documents, presidential addresses, letters, working papers, reports, and the like offers a better understanding of the development of emissions trading and EJ, and their intersection in environmental policy.

Findings – Emissions trading was grafted onto Clean Air Act policies not inherently designed for their incorporation. As a result, emissions trading came into direct philosophical opposition with EJ as political pressures calling for both economically efficient antiregulatory-ism and environmental equity forced their intersection. Formally, regional and national government accepted EJ as part of law. However, in principle, emissions trading undermined this acceptance. As a result, CBE could not easily win or explicitly lose its battle against emissions trading.

Originality/value of paper – Previous work on the relationship between emissions trading and EJ tend to focus on legal analysis and normative implications of emissions trading. Putting emissions trading and environment justice into historical perspective helps to illuminate larger questions about EJ activism and policy. Also, as California, the United States, and Europe turn to emissions trading to combat not only air pollution but also climate change, important lessons can be learned from the histories and collision of emissions trading and EJ.

How often do we use the word “academic” to mean irrelevant or inconsequential to real life issues? Research from the academic community is often treated with the same reservations. Reports how the Department of Construction Management and Engineering at Reading University is linking up with commercial organizations in collaborative FM related research. Like other UK universities involved in FM, it is seeking to break down the academic‐industrial divide. Despite having a strong reputation in the construction sector, Reading has often been accused of being ambivalent about its position in facilities management. Claims that some light may be shed on this confusion from this discussion.

The article introduces Edmund Burke’s world‐view and its implications for public administration. From Burke’s idea about human nature, tradition, law and representation, it has been argued that in a Burkean world, administrative discretion is essential and inevitable. By using their discretionary power, Burke emphasized that public administrators as virtual representatives will meet the ends of the law made by elected representatives. Also to build a tradition and ethical foundation for administration, Burke argued for a unified administration. Given human fallibility and self‐interest such a unified body can internally check administrative actions. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of Burke’s thought, the paper compares and contrasts this Burkean view of public administration with the views of other influential scholars in public administration. Important similarities exist that show that his views continue to demonstrate fruitful application in the art of governance.

ALREADY the reports that reach us show in many places that a general staking out of claims is in progress. The whole of municipal and other official life and almost every town seethes with the fervour of reconstruction. Most of the rumours concern projects which are of a rather nebulous kind but, so far as local government departments are concerned, the development of council work has become so extensive that new buildings or extensions of old ones are in prospect or are proposed, almost everywhere. Unfortunately in many instances we can discern the influence of those departments which are nearest to the routine council administration and only occasionally is the laudable plan adopted of giving consideration as a whole and as a unity to all the council services. In the clamour that follows libraries have a very low priority, even where education is recognized. Librarians would do well to be vigilant this winter. Even if they contemplate no immediate extension of their work, let them consider what ten or even twenty years may bring. After the first flush of victory—which, however appears to be a little further away than it seemed a month ago—there will follow a long lean era for all but the matters which are forced upon authorities. It is well then to have a considered plan ready.

WE wish our readers success and prosperity for 1935. In the pages of our last number was given a brief retrospect of the events of 1934, and there is no advantage in repeating any part of it. Suffice to say, the year was one of the most memorable in the annals of libraries from the point of view of the new buildings which have been erected to serve great places. The year before us will present a full programme of work for all librarians. The major interest will probably be the conference to be held at Manchester in September, when hundreds of librarians will have the opportunity of seeing the building of the largest of British, if not of European, public libraries. We understand, too, that the conference will deal systematically with the efficient library in the modern community, but no doubt fuller information upon this programme will be forthcoming very shortly. The time is not ripe, we fear, for us to expect anything in the shape of a consolidating library aft which shall bring into coherency the scattered library laws of this country. We hope something will be done in the year to improve the examination system of the Library Association, which fails to give satisfaction as it stands at present. We confidently expect that the co‐operation embodied in the Regional Library Bureau will be extended, and as our recent pages have shown, we hope that the National Central Library will be relieved of some of its financial anxieties by direct action upon the part of public libraries and of the Treasury. There are signs that the country is gradually returning to prosperity, and we hope that in any such event libraries will benefit and librarians will receive some attention in the matter of their salaries.

Considers the extent of the marketers need to communicate quality to the consumer and the best ways of doing so. Examines the results of an experiment involving consumers. Suggests that some communication of quality is generally better than no such communication, although whether specific or non‐specific quality appeals should be used depends on the relative price of the brand.

As month succeeds month some sort of optimism seems to replace the stoical determination of our people, no less determined indeed in its purpose, but having a brightness somewhat rare until this Spring. There still remains the real War to be fought; it may even have begun for us before these words appear, but somehow our people feel that there is some end discernible to the world outrage. However that may be, since our last issue went to press others of our cities have felt the malevolence of Nazidom. Exeter is indeed more than a cathedral city, the gateway of the West, but York and Bath and Norwich are not conspicuously in the same category. All have been visited with varying devastation, but Exeter from our point of view, suffered as Plymouth did, in that its beautiful central library has completely gone, only a few MSS. having been recovered from its ruins. Thus the two largest libraries of the south‐west have been destroyed.

“Deep in all of us”, wrote a Homes and gardens sub‐editor in April 1965, headlining Elspeth Huxley's article A cottage on a hillside, “is a craving for a quiet country retreat, old, mellow and secluded.” If true, this had clearly been true of England at least for a very long while. “Of late there has been a positive spate of books about living in the country”, wrote Philip Gosse in 1935. “The rustic life is all the rage.” “The cult of the country cottage”, declared J. Gordon Allen in 1912, “which was thought a few years ago to be merely a passing whim, has recently developed apace”. The manner in which a sizeable proportion of the English middle class were persuaded over several decades to forsake or at least to contemplate forsaking urban living is of some interest to, amongst others, sociologists and social historians. Since we are concerned here with the bibliographical aspects of this radical shift of attitudes, it would be as well to dispose at the outset of one possible analysis: namely the idea that literary precedents had much to do with this. Agreed, masters of urban living much earlier than the English—the Romans—invented apparently the away‐from‐it‐all stance: Horace, generals returning to the plough with Rome saved, the Georgics. Agreed also, their Augustan imitators had much to say about places in the country. But consider Wootton's