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Article
Publication date: 25 February 2014

Ali Günen, Mustafa Serdar Karakaş, Bülent Kurt and Adnan Çalık

– The paper aims to clarify the effect of boriding on the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel.

Abstract

Purpose

The paper aims to clarify the effect of boriding on the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel.

Design/methodology/approach

The commercially available steel was subjected to a boriding treatment with Ekabor III powders at temperatures of 1,223-1,273 K with boriding durations of 2-4 h. Microstructural characterization of the steel was carried out with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Static immersion corrosion tests were made using a 10 percent H2SO4 acid solution and salt spray tests were carried out in accord with the ASTM B-117 standard.

Findings

Grain boundary precipitation of carbides was observed in the transition zone beneath the boride layers. The corrosion resistance of the steel against the acid solution increased to about seven times its untreated value with the boriding treatment.

Research limitations/implications

The boride coating improved the corrosion resistance of the AISI 304 stainless steel against acidic media, but suffered from spalling in the salt spray test. Future work will focus on improving the adhesion between the coating and the substrate by changing the parameters for the boriding process.

Practical implications

Pack boriding is a simple, environmentally friendly coating process and can be recommended for use in small and medium enterprises. The boride coatings deposited have potential in further improving the wear and corrosion resistance of stainless steels.

Originality/value

The outcome of the research is of great importance for the industry using wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 61 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 June 2016

Harun Mindivan

This study aims to investigate the microstructure and the abrasive wear features of the untreated and pack borided GGG 50 quality ductile iron under various working temperatures.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the microstructure and the abrasive wear features of the untreated and pack borided GGG 50 quality ductile iron under various working temperatures.

Design/methodology/approach

GGG 50 quality as-cast ductile iron samples were pack borided in Ekabor II powder at 900°C for 3 h, followed by furnace cooling. Structural characterization was made by optical microscopy. Mechanical characterization was made by hardness and pin-on-disc wear test. Pin-on-disc test was conducted on a 240-mesh Al2O3 abrasive paper at various temperatures in between 25 and 450°C.

Findings

Room temperature abrasive wear resistance of the borided ductile iron increased with an increase in its surface hardness. High-temperature abrasive wear resistances of the borided ductile iron linearly decreased with an increase in test temperature. However, the untreated ductile iron exhibited relatively high resistance to abrasion at a temperature of 150°C.

Originality/value

This study can be a practical reference and offers insight into the effects of boriding process on the increase of room temperature wear resistance. However, above 150°C, the untreated ductile iron exhibited similar abrasive wear performance as compared to the borided ductile iron.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 68 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 9 January 2017

Gökhan Kara, Gencaga Purcek and Harun Yanar

The purpose of this paper is to achieve a hard and protective borided layer on commercially pure Ti (grade-2) by applying boriding, and to investigate the changes in its…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to achieve a hard and protective borided layer on commercially pure Ti (grade-2) by applying boriding, and to investigate the changes in its microstructure, hardness, friction and wear behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

Pack boriding technique was used to form a hard boron diffusion layer on titanium substrate. A powder mixture of amorphous boron and anhydrous borax was used as a solid-state boriding media, and then the boriding was carried out under inert atmosphere.

Findings

A thick dual boride layer consisting of a monolithic titanium diboride (TiB2) on the top and titanium monoboride (TiB) whiskers beneath that layer formed at relatively low diffusion temperature under pressured inert argon atmosphere in a boriding media containing boron source and activator. With boriding at specified conditions, very hard (4100 Hv0.01) and thick monolithic TiB2 layer formed on the top-most layer which is required for improved tribological applications. Hardness decreased gradually through the TiB whisker layer and finally reached to the hardness of base material.

Originality/value

This paper investigates the effects of components of boriding mixture and conditions of thermal treatment on the formation of borided layer and its properties. In previous studies, boriding mixtures containing a boron source, an activator and a filler material was generally used at high temperatures around or above 1,050°C to achieve a thick monolithic layer on the top of the surface of titanium. In the present study, no filler material was used to accelerate the boron diffusion because filler materials may inhibit the diffusion of boron atom through the surface of substrate of titanium. Also, diffusion treatment was carried out under pressurized argon atmosphere at relatively low diffusion temperature to achieve boride layer with the improved hardness and durability.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 69 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 19 December 2018

Yakup Uzun, Halim Kovacı, Ali Fatih Yetim and Ayhan Çelik

This paper aims to investigate the effects of boriding on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of CoCrW dental alloy manufactured by the method of selective…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the effects of boriding on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of CoCrW dental alloy manufactured by the method of selective laser melting.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, CoCrW alloy samples that are used in dentistry were manufactured by the method of laser melting, and boriding treatment was made on the samples at 900°C and 1,000°C for 1, 4 and 8 h. The structural, mechanical and tribological effects of boriding on the samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, microhardness and an abrasion test device.

Findings

According to the results, the best outcomes in terms of abrasion strength and hardness were obtained in the sample that was subjected to boriding at 1,000°C for 4 h.

Originality/value

This study produced CoCrW alloys, which are fundamental biomaterials that are used in dentistry, by a different production method called selective laser melting and improved their surface characteristics by boriding.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 71 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 8 February 2008

K. David, K.G. Anthymidis, P. Agrianidis and G. Petropoulos

The aim of the current research is to characterize boride coatings on steels and steel alloys produced in a CVD fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the current research is to characterize boride coatings on steels and steel alloys produced in a CVD fluidized bed reactor.

Design/methodology/approach

Heat treatments of alloys in fluidized bed reactors have been carried out for more than 25 years. Recently, this technology has been used for surface engineering applications in the deposition of hard and/or corrosion‐resistant layers. The present paper used fluidized bed technology (FBT) to deposit boride coatings on to ferrous materials. The coatings were examined by means of optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness measurements and X‐ray diffraction in terms of coating thickness and morphology, phase formation and hardness determination. The coating's tribological properties were evaluated under dry wear. Impact tests were also carried out to determine the fatigue resistance of the examined coatings under dynamic impact loading.

Findings

Boriding in a fluidized bed reactor is a simple, environmentally friendly and fast‐coating process. The produced iron‐boride coatings are characterized by excellent quality and uniform tooth‐shaped morphology. Fe2B was the predominant boride phase formed, exhibiting superior tribological properties under dry wear conditions. Impact testing investigations revealed high‐fatigue strength of boride coatings in combination with limited deformable substrates.

Research limitations/implications

The investigated coatings were deposited only on some structural and tool steel substrates.

Practical implications

Boride coatings deposited using FBT are satisfactory abrasive wear‐ and fatigue‐resistant coatings in comparison with those produced using common boride coating methods.

Originality/value

The outcome of the research is of great importance for the industry using abrasive wear coatings.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 60 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 29 May 2007

Peyman Taheri, Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Changiz Dehghanian and Alireza Sabour Rouhaghdam

Plasma electrolytic saturation (PES) treatments were applied on the surface of AISI H13 steel and corrosion resistance of the treated samples was investigated using…

Abstract

Purpose

Plasma electrolytic saturation (PES) treatments were applied on the surface of AISI H13 steel and corrosion resistance of the treated samples was investigated using electrochemical test methods. The aim was to obtain optimal corrosion resistance of the differently treated samples.

Design/methodology/approach

Nitrocarburized and boride layers were produced on AISI H13 steel by the means of the PES technique. Different experimental parameters during each treatment provided different microstructural and electrochemical properties. The techniques used in the present investigation included X‐ray diffraction, SEM, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Findings

The plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising coating was characterized by lower integrity than a PEB coating. All PES coated steels had a noble electrochemical behavior compared to the untreated steel. Different nano‐structures and morphologies obtained by different experimental parameters produced different electrochemical behaviors.

Practical implications

The results obtained in this research into PES techniques can be used wherever good corrosion resistance with the highest efficiency is required.

Originality/value

The speed of treatment by plasma electrolytic saturation techniques makes this method very suitable for industrial production of components.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 54 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 June 2023

Dongya Zhang, Ao Bai, Xin Du, Gang Li and Jiaoyi Wu

This paper aims to improve the wear resistance of titanium alloy using a high-hardness boride layer, which was fabricated on Ti6Al4V by a high-temperature boronizing process.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to improve the wear resistance of titanium alloy using a high-hardness boride layer, which was fabricated on Ti6Al4V by a high-temperature boronizing process.

Design/methodology/approach

The boride layers on Ti6Al4V were obtained at 1000°C for 5–15 h. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis and X-ray diffractometer were used to characterize the properties of the boride layer. The tribological performance of the boride layer at room and elevated temperatures was investigated.

Findings

The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the boride layers were a dual-phase structure of TiB and TiB2. When the boronizing time increased from 5 h to 15 h, the microhardness increased from 1192 HV0.5 to 1619.8 HV0.5. At 25°C and elevated temperatures, the friction coefficients of the boride layers were higher than that of Ti6Al4V. The wear track areas of T-5 at 200°C and 400°C were 2.5 × 10–3 and 1.1 × 10–3 mm2, respectively, which were 6.1% and 2.6% of that of Ti6Al4V, indicating boride layer exhibited a significant wear resistance. The wear mechanisms of the boride layer transformed from slight peeling to oxidative wear and abrasive wear as the temperature was raised.

Originality/value

The findings provide an effective strategy for improving the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V and have important implications for the application of titanium alloy in a high-temperature field.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 75 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 December 2023

Ferhat Ceritbinmez, Yusuf Kanca, Ahmet Tuna and Erdoğan Kanca

FeNi36 (Invar-36) alloy is widely used in the fabrication of molding tools in aerospace industries but there remains a need to improve its wear and friction performance due to its…

Abstract

Purpose

FeNi36 (Invar-36) alloy is widely used in the fabrication of molding tools in aerospace industries but there remains a need to improve its wear and friction performance due to its relatively low hardness. The formation of a heat affected zone (HAZ) on the surface of Invar-36 cut by wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is promising to enhance its tribological properties. This study aims to investigate the tribological performance of WEDM-treated Invar-36 via a ball-on-disk tribometer in dry-sliding conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The untreated and WEDM-treated Invar-36 surfaces were reciprocated against an alumina ball at a sliding velocity of 40 mm/s, a stroke length of 10 mm and a sliding duration of 125 min under loads of 5, 10 and 20 N. The worn surfaces were characterized using a 2D profilometry and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy.

Findings

The results showed that the WEDM-treated surface had a superior friction coefficient and wear resistance in comparison to the untreated surface, due to the grown HAZ. There was found to be a 9.3%–11.4% decrease in the friction coefficient and a 47%–57% reduction in the wear volume after the WEDM treatment. Both the untreated and WEDM-treated Invar-36 surfaces found abrasion and plastic deformation as the dominant wear mechanisms.

Originality/value

Previous works have not focused on the tribological performance of the WEDM-treated Invar-36 extensively used for molding tools in aerospace industries. Our findings provide compelling evidence that the WEDM treatment improved the wear and friction performance of Invar-36 alloy because of the grown HAZ.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 96 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1748-8842

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 7 August 2018

Yasser Abdelrhman, Ahmed Abouel-Kasem, Karam Emara and Shemy Ahmed

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the slurry erosion and one of the case hardening treatments, i.e. boronizing in this study, for AISI-5117 steel alloy…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the slurry erosion and one of the case hardening treatments, i.e. boronizing in this study, for AISI-5117 steel alloy. AISI-5117 steel alloy was used because of its variety applications in the field of submarine equipment. Most of the slurry erosion factors such as velocity, impact angle and mechanism of erosion were studied at different impact angles.

Design/methodology/approach

At first, the samples were prepared and subjected to the boronizing treatment in controlled atmosphere. By using a slurry erosion test-rig, all experiments for studying the slurry erosion factors were carried out. Moreover, the studied specimens were investigated via scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and X-ray diffraction to study the erosion mechanism in the different conditions.

Findings

It was expected that the boronization of the AISI-5117 steel would increase its slurry erosion resistance due to its positive impact on the surface hardness. However, the results observed show the opposite, where the boronization of AISI-5117 steel decreased its slurry erosion resistance as implied by the increase of the mass loss percentage at all impact angles.

Originality/value

This research, for the first time, exhibits the effect of boronizing treatment on the slurry erosion in different impact factors accompanied by the erosion mechanism at each impact angle.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 70 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 December 2005

Ugur Sen, Saduman Sen and Fevzi Yilmaz

Wear behavior of boronized GGG‐80 ductile cast iron were studied against WC‐Co ball for determining the effect of boronizing time and temperature.

Abstract

Purpose

Wear behavior of boronized GGG‐80 ductile cast iron were studied against WC‐Co ball for determining the effect of boronizing time and temperature.

Design/methodology/approach

Ball on disk arrangement was used for determination of tribological properties of boronized ductile cast iron depending on process time and temperature. Boronizing treatment was performed on GGG‐80 ductile cast iron using salt bath immersion boronizing technique at 850 and 950°C for 2‐8 h. Friction and wear tests were carried out at dry test conditions under 2, 5 and 10 N loads with 2.5 m/min sliding speed.

Findings

The result showed that the friction coefficient values ranged from 0.12 to 0.2 depending on the process parameters. The higher the treatment temperature and the longer the treatment time, the thicker the boride layer, the more the FeB phase and the higher the specific wear rate became. The specific wear rate of boronized ductile cast irons depending on process time, temperature and applied load against WC‐Co ball ranged from 1.25 × 10−5 to 42.45 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. Values of coefficient of boronized ductile cast irons increases with increase in load in the wear test and increase in boronizing time and temperature.

Research limitations/implications

The study deals with only ductile cast irons and their tribological properties.

Practical implications

The results are very useful for practical applications and academic study. There is a little number of studies on the boronizing of cast irons. This study will be helpful for the researcher studied on boronizing of cast irons.

Originality/value

The properties of the tribological properties of ductile cast irons have not explained detail in the earlier study. There are new results in this study on the tribological properties of boronized ductile cast irons. Because of this, the paper is original.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 57 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

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