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Article
Publication date: 16 March 2012

Healthcare board governance

Naomi Chambers

In the light of failings of the board highlighted by the mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust public inquiry, this paper seeks to offer insights about how boards in…

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Abstract

Purpose

In the light of failings of the board highlighted by the mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust public inquiry, this paper seeks to offer insights about how boards in general might develop in order to discharge their responsibilities for quality and safety in health care more consistently in the future. The paper also proposes to examine wider questions about the role, purpose, and impact of boards on organisations.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on literature from across the social sciences to assess the evidence for effective board working using a contingency and realist approach.

Findings

The examination leads to the identification of three key issues surrounding the construction and the development of boards. First, there is no evidence or consensus about an “ideal” board form. The rationale and evidence‐base, for example for the 1991 model for NHS boards in the English NHS, has never been set out in an adequate manner. Second, the evidence about effective board working suggests that there are some key principles but also that local circumstances are really important in steering the focus and behaviours of effective boards. Third, there is an emerging proposition that boards, including in healthcare, need to embody a culture of high trust across the executive and non executive divide, together with robust challenge, and a tight grip on the business of delivering high quality patient care in a financially sustainable way (high trust – high challenge – high engagement).

Originality/value

The paper argues that it is advisable to move away from a tendency to faith‐based and exhortative approaches to guidance, training and development of boards and that it is time for a root‐and‐branch inquiry into the composition, structure, processes and dynamics of healthcare boards in the interests of assuring patient safety.

Details

Journal of Health Organization and Management, vol. 26 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261211211133
ISSN: 1477-7266

Keywords

  • Board governance
  • Healthcare boards
  • Board dynamics
  • Performance
  • Corporate governance
  • Trusts
  • Health services
  • United Kingdom

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Article
Publication date: 4 November 2020

Is the effect of board diversity on CSR diverse? New insights from one-tier vs two-tier corporate board models

Habib Jouber

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of board diversity on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The aim is twofold; does board diversity has any effect…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of board diversity on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The aim is twofold; does board diversity has any effect on CSR, do structural and demographic differences between one-tier and two-tier board models may impact this effect?

Design/methodology/approach

This paper applies a panel generalized method of moments estimator to a sample of 2,544 non-financial listed firms from 42 countries over the period of 2013–2017.

Findings

The findings reveal that board diversity leads to effective CSR. By distinguishing between diversity among boards from diversity within boards, the results display the effects of the specific variables that make up the manner and latter’s constructs within unitary and two-tier board structures. Specifically, this paper reveals that tenure, ideology and educational level (gender and nationality) predominantly appear to drive a firm’s CSR within one (two)-tier boards settings. These results remain consistent when robustness tests are ruled.

Practical implications

The study provides managers, investors and policymakers with knowledge about how among and within board diversity attributes favor the decision-making process around CSR. The evidence is useful for companies in setting the criteria to identify directors who can support their strategic decisions. It benefits, moreover, academics in better understanding firms’ CSR determinants and practices under different corporate board models.

Social implications

Examining how different sets of board diversity affect firms’ CSR given divergences between one-tier and two-tier board structure is a useful and informative endeavor for all community actors.

Originality/value

Unlike prior studies that identify the limited scope of diversity, the study is the first to examine the effect of broader dimensions of board diversity on CSR under both one-tier and two-tier board settings. This paper provides a contribution to a greater understanding of the impacts underlying board models and different attributes of board diversity on CSR. This new understanding will help to improve predictions of different features of board diversity impacts on decision-making processes around organizational outcomes.

Details

Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-07-2020-0277
ISSN: 1472-0701

Keywords

  • Board of directors
  • Corporate social responsibility
  • One-tier board
  • Two-tier board
  • Board diversity

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Article
Publication date: 6 November 2009

Exploring the impact of the board of directors on the performance of not‐for‐profit organizations

Dominic Mwenja and Alfred Lewis

This paper aims to examine the impact of board of directors on the performance of not‐for‐profit (NFP) organizations. The study also aims to utilize the six dimensions of…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the impact of board of directors on the performance of not‐for‐profit (NFP) organizations. The study also aims to utilize the six dimensions of effective board performance as suggested by Chait et al., using the theoretical explanations of the resource dependency theory, the agency theory, and the group/decision processes theory. By explaining how these board activities influence organizational performance, we can begin to understand the importance of board influence in determining organizational effectiveness as measured by organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

For the purpose of this study, organizational performance attributes are used in line with the strategy used by Nobbie and Brudney. The measurement used includes the perception of board members' view of the overall success in meeting organizational goals, increase or decrease in the number of programs offered by the organization, improvement in the quality of service offered by the organization, and the level of satisfaction by the clients with the level of service provided.

Findings

The survey revealed that the strategic and the political dimensions have a stronger relationship with the perceived organizational performance in nonprofit organizations as compared to the other dimensions.

Research limitations/implications

Given that the majority of the respondents (30) of the study served in religious organizations, this may have skewed the results toward a certain direction that is difficult to ascertain until other studies compare results across different NFP classifications. This suggests that it is important to repeat such a study with a much diverse group of NFPs in addition to measuring other board and organizational dimensions such as board size, executive perceptions, and organization size, and age.

Practical implications

The efforts to link board effectiveness and organizational performance will remain tenuous at best. This is an illusive phenomenon that will continue to elude researchers as long as the dimensions of board effectiveness and organizational performance remain perceptual. The need to understand the strategic orientation of NFPs governance is even greater as these organizations continue to play a major role in the lives of ordinary people in various communities around the world.

Originality/value

In order to understand the effectiveness of the board in NFPs, this study examines three theoretical perspectives that can be utilized to connect the different dimensions of board performance and organizational performance. In previous research, Chait et al. examined the practices of board members at independent colleges and identified six competencies of effective boards. The identified dimensions are: contextual: effective boards understand and take into consideration the culture and norms of the organization they govern; educational: effective boards ensure that their members are knowledgeable about the organization and the board's roles, responsibilities, and performance; interpersonal: effective boards nurture the development of their members as a working group, attend to the board's collective welfare, and foster a sense of cohesiveness; analytical: effective boards recognize the complexities and subtleties of issues and accept ambiguity and uncertainty as healthy preconditions for critical discussions. They raise doubts, explore trade‐offs, and encourage differences of opinion; political: effective boards accept as a primary responsibility the need to develop and maintain healthy relationships among major constituencies; and strategic: effective boards help their organizations envision a direction and shape a strategy for the future. They anticipate potential problems and act before issues become crises.

Details

Business Strategy Series, vol. 10 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17515630911005646
ISSN: 1751-5637

Keywords

  • Non‐profit organizations
  • Board of Directors
  • General management
  • Strategic management

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1999

An evaluation of the effect of ageing on the cleanability of solder flux residues

L. Zou, M. Duˇsek, C.P. Hunt and B.D. Dunn

The efficiency of cleaning of flux residues after various periods of ageing was assessed by measuring the ionic contamination removed in an Ionograph 500 SMD. The flux…

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Abstract

The efficiency of cleaning of flux residues after various periods of ageing was assessed by measuring the ionic contamination removed in an Ionograph 500 SMD. The flux residues were removed from bare boards, and boards with through hole and surface mount components. The effect of different ageing temperature was also investigated. The work has shown that there is a maximum time interval following assembly during which cleaning should be carried out. The ionic contamination of aged assemblies with through hole and surface mount components were cleaned with varying efficiencies. The surface mount components were more difficult to clean. The use of brushing and scrubbing proved particularly beneficial for the through hole components. A proprietary cleaner proved more effective than the generic alternatives considered.

Details

Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 11 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09540919910254912
ISSN: 0954-0911

Keywords

  • Cleaning
  • Contamination
  • Flux
  • Storage

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Article
Publication date: 18 October 2011

In touch boards: reaching out to the value critical stakeholders

Paul Strebel

The purpose of this paper is to show how boards can get in touch with their value critical stakeholders, those who can make or break the company.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how boards can get in touch with their value critical stakeholders, those who can make or break the company.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper first develops the hypothesis that boards often are out of touch with reality. It then introduces the concept of value critical stakeholders and proposes that boards introduce an outreach program to get in touch with them. For each of the proposed five elements in an outreach program, the paper reviews what boards already are doing to be in touch.

Findings

The review of existing practice shows that for each of the elements in an outreach program, there is enough practice available for boards to develop a comprehensive approach to get in touch with the value critical stakeholders.

Social implications

To prevent a future governance crisis, get in touch and promote long‐term value creation, boards need an explicit program of reaching out beyond the boardroom, not only to the immediate stakeholders, but also the societal stakeholders, who can make or break the company. This paper shows how it can be done.

Originality/value

The paper introduces the new concept of value critical stakeholders and describes how it can be used to help boards get in touch with reality.

Details

Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, vol. 11 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701111177000
ISSN: 1472-0701

Keywords

  • Corporate governance
  • Boards
  • In‐touch
  • Reality
  • Stakeholders
  • Stakeholder analysis
  • Company performance

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1994

Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: Views of Canadian Chief Executive Officers

Ronald J. Burke

Highlights the historical set‐up of Canadian boards of directors, whyand how women were first appointed to corporate boards. Examines factorsrelated to women serving on…

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Abstract

Highlights the historical set‐up of Canadian boards of directors, why and how women were first appointed to corporate boards. Examines factors related to women serving on corporate boards, detailing advantages and barriers to the appointments. Reports on a survey of Canadian Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) which considers factors related to the appointment of women to corporate boards. Results indicated the CEOs′ opinions on, for example, how important a variety of qualifications is to the appointment of female directors; the women with difficulties in finding women with these qualifications; preferred candidate profiles; issues which would benefit from a female perspective; effects of women on boards and companies; and the question of why there are not more women directors. Finally, with the survey as a background, looks at why there are so few women on the boards of directors of Canadian private sector organizations; and the future prospects of women as board members.

Details

Women in Management Review, vol. 9 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09649429410066974
ISSN: 0964-9425

Keywords

  • Canada
  • Directors
  • Recruitment
  • Top management
  • Women

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 2002

Signaling gender diversity through annual report pictures: A research note on image management

Richard A. Bernardi, David F. Bean and Kristen M. Weippert

This research examines the differences in presentation of boards of directors in annual reports. Our sample consists of 472 corporations from the Fortune 500; 130 (342) of…

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Abstract

This research examines the differences in presentation of boards of directors in annual reports. Our sample consists of 472 corporations from the Fortune 500; 130 (342) of these corporations included (did not include) pictures of their boards of directors. The proportion of female directors was 11.0 percent for firms that did not include pictures of their boards and 14.5 percent for firms that included pictures of their boards in their annual reports. The difference in the gender mix of these two groups is significant (p = 0.0002). This indicates that firms with a higher percentage of women on their boards signal this fact to stockholders, investors, and other constituents by including pictures of their boards in their annual reports.

Details

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570210441440
ISSN: 0951-3574

Keywords

  • Gender
  • Equal opportunities
  • Directors
  • Company reports

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Article
Publication date: 15 September 2020

Women directors’ effect on firm value and performance: the case of REITs

Magdy Noguera

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of women directors on US Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) value and performance.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of women directors on US Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) value and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Archival financial and board of director data for the 1999–2019 period are collected and analyzed using panel data regression analysis.

Findings

The main findings indicate that women directors’ presence renders a modest positive effect on REIT performance but only when they reach critical mass on REIT boards; and that women directors have no effect at all on REIT value. Additional findings indicate that women directors are more common on REIT boards after the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act but less common on boards in which the REIT founder is the chief executive officer.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first research on the effect of a gender diverse board on REIT value. It is also the first paper documenting a positive relationship between board gender diversity and REIT performance. This paper fills a research gap, as it is one of the few papers focused on gender diversity within the REITs board composition literature.

Details

Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, vol. 20 no. 7
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2020-0057
ISSN: 1472-0701

Keywords

  • Corporate governance
  • Board gender diversity
  • Critical mass
  • Women directors
  • REIT performance
  • REIT value

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Book part
Publication date: 24 June 2015

Determinants of Board Roles in IJVs in China: Control and Collaboration

Xuanli Xie, Jeffrey J. Reuer and Elko Klijn

Despite the growing interest in IJVs and their governance, systematic research is limited on the board of directors and their roles in international joint ventures in…

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Abstract

Despite the growing interest in IJVs and their governance, systematic research is limited on the board of directors and their roles in international joint ventures in emerging markets. In this study, we draw from corporate governance research that suggests that the levels of control and collaboration by boards are influenced by organizational complexity. While joint ventures possess several similarities compared to unitary firms, they also have unique sources of complexity given the fact that two or more international partners collaborate within JVs under an incomplete contract. Based on a sample of 114 IJVs, we argue and show four separate conditions that influence the functions that boards undertake as well as how control and collaboration as two separate functions are interrelated. Our findings address calls for research to open the black box of what boards actually do as well as to bring corporate governance theory to new organizational forms such as joint ventures.

Details

Emerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-502720150000028012
ISBN: 978-1-78441-740-6

Keywords

  • International joint venture
  • board of directors
  • corporate governance
  • emerging markets

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Book part
Publication date: 12 November 2018

Bad Board Behaviors: Undermining Growth and Development at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Maurice C. Taylor

The purpose of the chapter is to develop a typology of bad behaviors characteristic of governing boards and to compare the bad behaviors identified in the typology to the…

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Abstract

The purpose of the chapter is to develop a typology of bad behaviors characteristic of governing boards and to compare the bad behaviors identified in the typology to the governing boards’ expected roles and responsibilities. Several examples of bad governing board behaviors that have occurred at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are explored through the lens of the typology. The author argues that the bad behavior of governing boards responsible for the nations’ HBCUs inhibits strategic planning, undermines growth and development, and threatens the long-term viability of these institutions. Finally, recommendations intended to minimize the impact of bad board behaviors are proposed.

Details

Underserved Populations at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-364420180000021015
ISBN: 978-1-78754-841-1

Keywords

  • Governing boards
  • roles and responsibilities
  • historically black colleges and universities
  • typology
  • strategic planning
  • bad governing board behaviors

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