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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of palm olein, amine phosphate and 4‐nonyl phenoxy acetic acid (NPAA) added to a commercial lubricant in terms of tribological properties such as wear and coefficient of friction.

A tribological study on the lubrication performance of a lubricant‐based palm oil (PO) containing anti‐wear and antioxidant combined corrosion inhibitor additive was carried out using a universal sliding wear machine. In this experiment, amine phosphate and NPAA were selected as additive to be mixed with PO (palm olein) in several concentrations and commercial lubricant 20W‐50 for the tests. Various PO blended samples with additional 1 and 3 percent additive were used in this study. The experiments were performed under 252 rpm sliding speed for 2 h where the oil temperature reached 100°C.

The analysis showed that the average wear coefficient and the mean wear scar diameter (MWSD) which is normalized to the 1.4 KPa water pressure generates lower values for the PO containing additives than 100 percent PO, commercial lubricant and their blended. The coefficients of friction and wear were also lower for the samples with additives compared to other. To consolidate the result, viscosity of used samples is checked and shows the additives improved the viscosity stability. Finally, the overall study concluded that PO‐added additives have the potential to be one of the ingredients in effective lubricant oil.

The paper is limited to findings based on a Universal Sliding Machine Test under certain conditions. The test has been conducted on the basis of three types of chemical compounds (palm olein, amine phosphate and NPAA) which are designed as a combination of anti‐wear and antioxidant additive. Wear and friction characteristics of the lubricant with and without these additives are analyzed in this paper. However, the film formation and microstructure analysis of the lubricated materials are excluded in this study.

This paper shows a significant reduction of average wear rate and friction coefficient when palm olein and additive added to the lubricant compared to pure commercial lubricant. In terms of wear scar diameter (WSD), with additional palm olein and additive produces lower WSD which is under the standard limit of diesel lubricity. These results have confirmed that by using palm olein as renewable component together with amine phosphate and NPAA additive would improve lubrication performance as well as improves biodegradability of the lubricant.

This paper emphasises the advantages of synthetic additives that are derived from renewable resources. Since environmental issues are now stringent, many lubricant industries have focused on environmentally friendly lubricant and researches on this particular area become important. The presented tests have been carried out in the above area which is close to those applied in lubricant industry. Thus, the results are reliable and could be very useful both for lubricant designers and the researchers of lubricant and additive formulation.

This study aims to investigate the behavior of vegetable oil with two additives. Base oil’s tribological qualities can be improved with the help of several additions. In the present investigation, soybean oil is served as the foundational oil due to its eco-friendliness and status as a vegetable oil with two additives, named polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂).

As additives, PTFE and MoS₂ are used; PTFE is renowned for its anti-friction (AF) properties, while MoS₂ is a solid lubricant with anti-wear (AW) properties. This investigation examines the synergistic impact of AF and AW additions in vegetable oil. The lubricity of the base oil is measured by using a four-ball tester, and the wear properties of the oil at different additive amounts are determined by using a universal tribometer.

PTFE (at 5 Wt.%) and MoS₂ (at 1 Wt.%) were found to improve the tribological performance of the base oil. The weld load is significantly increased when 5 Wt.% of PTFE + MoS₂ is added to the base oil.

A better tribological characteristic can be achieved by combining additives that amount to less than 1% of the base oil. In experiments with highly concentrated MoS₂, the adequate pressure improved dramatically, but the lubricant’s tribological characteristics did not.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-11-2022-0321/

The science of lubrication has developed slowly from the earliest use of oils and fats of animal or plant origin, such as tallow and castor oil, to the modern design of lubricants for a specific purpose. The slow evolution of scientific lubrication has been due in part to the complicated nature of lubrication and lubricants, and also to the need to concentrate on the development of lubricants to satisfy the requirements of new and improved mechanisms. Research into the nature of lubrication and the relation between composition and properties of lubricants has been limited by the production demands for more and better lubricants.

One of the world's most highly automated factories, where robots and humans work side‐by‐side, was inaugurated by Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales at Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, in May.

Due to the environmental issues caused by petroleum lubricants used in lubrication, the concept of creating various bio-lubricants requires research globally. Thus, this study aims to develop, characterize and test the base ficus carica oil (fig oil) for its ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) content.

The sample characterization was done using the Fourier transmission infrared spectrum, whereas the morphologies of the EVA, SDBS particles and lubricated surfaces were carried out under scanning electron microscope equipment. To ensure the homogeneity of the solution (base oil and additives), the formulations were subjected to the sonication process. The anti-friction and anti-wear properties of EVA and SDBS particles as lubricant additives were investigated using a ball on a flat high-frequency reciprocating rig tribo-tester.

According to the findings, the base oil’s anti-friction and anti-wear capabilities can be greatly enhanced by the additions. revealed that the best results were obtained when 1.2% EVA + 2% SDBS was applied for the examination of wear (597.8 µm) and friction coefficient (0.106). Commercial references were used, nevertheless, and the results were excellent. This is because the particles in the contact area during lubrication have strong solubility and quickly penetrate the contact zone. The lubricating mechanisms were explained by a tribological model of the EVA + SDBS and SDBS particles.

The coefficient of friction and wear reduction caused by the use of the additives will certainly enhance system performance and protect the machine components from excessive wear that could cause damage or failure.

The originality and uniqueness of this work are officially affirmed by the authors. The authors’ autonomous and original contribution to the development of sustainable lubrication is represented in this work. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other study has been published or made publicly available that duplicates the precise scope and goals of our research, and this conclusion is based on a thorough literature assessment.

IN THE concluding paragraphs of the preceding section (October issue) a brief mention was made of grease tests of a special type by which service behaviour under certain conditions—at high or low temperature for example—could be forecasted. This sort of lubricant testing which attempts to simulate actual service conditions, but accelerates them, is a typical feature of today's practice both in the oil industry and also in the laboratories of lubricant users. In fact, so far as lubricating greases are concerned, it was users (in this particular instance the manufacturers) of ball and roller bearings, who were the pioneers in the field. This is understandable, for the overwhelming majority of anti‐friction bearings are grease lubricated and before the maker can give his recommendation for any particular grade, he must make sure that it will give satisfactory service under the anticipated operating conditions. Certain test machines, which naturally incorporate ball or roller bearings, have become so well known that they have been adopted as official standards in some countries.

To provide a general equation for finding out viscosity of lubricating oils at different temperatures and ages.

Based on previous works and a case study on field, a general equation was formulated which relates viscosity‐temperature‐age of lubricant.

The equation is very simple and a good consistency was found.

This equation will help the designers/manufacturers to recommend the correct grade of lubricating oil.

This type of relationship was never reported earlier.

Details the increasing use of BP polybutene hydrocarbons as clean, non‐polluting lubricants or viscosity index improvers for two stroke engines, compressors, metalworking fluids, gear and hydraulic oils and greases. Shows polybutene’s compatibility with mineral and synthetic oils.

The screening of lube oil performance prior to field trials is the most significant for the formulation of novel lubricants. This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of trimethylolpropane trioleate oil (TMPTO) based lubricants with different additives.

In this endeavor, initially five lubricating blends along-with TMPTO based oil with variable additives were evaluated for their tribological performances using ASTM standards. Out of these, the top three best-performing oils were further investigated for possible physical or chemical synergies among lube oils, additives and ball surface using SEM. The molecule structures of TMPTO based lube oils were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

The wear preventive and extreme pressure characteristics of different TMPTO based samples were evaluated and compared for compatibility and synergy of additives. Morphological analysis of SEM images was used to understand the wear behavior of the worn surfaces.

Further investigation of TMPTO oil on its oxidation stability at high temperature and pressure to make it technologically competitive and commercially viable metal-working lubricant is suggested.

This paper highlights the tribo-effects of TMPTO to be rendered as a suitable lubricant for metal-cutting operations. The surface morphology of the worn-out surface significantly demonstrates the effect of loading conditions.