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1 – 10 of 782This paper reviews engineering work developed for blast analysis and design of industrial/residential and ammunition storage facilities. The review also covers work done for…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper reviews engineering work developed for blast analysis and design of industrial/residential and ammunition storage facilities. The review also covers work done for progressive collapse analysis and blast deflectors.
Design/methodology/approach
The first part of the paper describes characteristics of various types of explosions. Empirical and numerical models that were developed to estimate structural capacity are reviewed. The structural idealization, theoretical basis, and merits of various methods are also described. The influence of various parameters affecting the structural performance is discussed.
Findings
The material of the paper captures recent engineering developments that can be used by practitioners for blast analysis and design for industrial and residential buildings. Little emphasis was given in the published literature to develop simplified analytical models that can be used in practice to compute the dynamic response of buildings subject to accidental explosions. Furthermore, analytical expressions are required to compute the reduction in the stiffness due to impact loading.
Originality/value
Current building codes address conventional live, dead, wind and earthquake loads. Very few guidelines are available in practice for design of buildings subject to blast loading. The objective of this paper is to review and piece together recent engineering work developed for blast analysis and design of industrial/residential buildings and ammunition facilities. The paper provides useful resource material for the engineers in practice using recent techniques to design these structures. The review covers past three decades that can be used as a baseline for future developments.
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Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy and Berru İzel Gökgöz
This study aims to focus on security measures for protecting transportation buildings from vehicle bomb attacks. It discusses ways to mitigate the effects of vehicle bomb…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to focus on security measures for protecting transportation buildings from vehicle bomb attacks. It discusses ways to mitigate the effects of vehicle bomb terrorist attacks through architectural design decisions on transportation buildings.
Design/methodology/approach
The main research topic is the evaluation of architectural design decisions for vehicle bomb attacks at transportation buildings with the multi-criteria decision-making method. First, it was investigated which characteristics the impact of the explosion on the structures depended on. The measures for vehicle bomb attacks regarding the relationship between the urban scale and the building were determined by four main criteria and 17 sub-criteria. Due to the complex and ambiguous nature of architectural design, these criteria were evaluated by the analytic hierarchy processes. After the criteria weights were obtained, the alternative sample buildings, including the train stations and airports, were evaluated with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution method.
Findings
The site security design was determined as the most effective component for vehicle bomb attacks among the main criteria. The most important sub-criterion was the perimeter firewall. In the evaluations of the alternatives, it was determined that airports performed better against vehicle bomb attacks in terms of architectural design requirements than train stations.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the literature for the countries where explosions occur intensively by determining the importance of architectural design parameters for the transportation buildings and surroundings against vehicle bomb attacks. This study provides an evaluation model based on transportation buildings considering the relationship between the urban scale and the building itself.
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Aydin Shishegaran, Behnam Karami, Elham Safari Danalou, Hesam Varaee and Timon Rabczuk
The resistance of steel plate shear walls (SPSW) under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the conventional weapons…
Abstract
Purpose
The resistance of steel plate shear walls (SPSW) under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the conventional weapons effect program (CONWEP) model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple Ln equation regression (MLnER), gene expression programming (GEP), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference (ANFIS) and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.
Design/methodology/approach
The SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.
Findings
The resistance of SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.
Originality/value
The resistance of SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.
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Colin Rogers and Geoff Coliandris
Government plans for combating terrorism have been unveiled in their new strategic statement. Besides a focus on international and national activity, there are major implications…
Abstract
Government plans for combating terrorism have been unveiled in their new strategic statement. Besides a focus on international and national activity, there are major implications for local partnerships that are expected to play a considerable part in the programme. In particular, the impact of preventative measures and the economic impact of this implied by the strategy will have major consequences for partnerships operating at a local level.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe cost effective structural design procedures to support catalytic reactors used in hydrocarbon industry. Three case studies are presented…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe cost effective structural design procedures to support catalytic reactors used in hydrocarbon industry. Three case studies are presented using various reactor models. Modularization and transportation challenges are also discussed. The scope of the paper is limited only to the structural and construction aspects. The chemical and mechanical designs are not covered in this paper.
Design/methodology/approach
Finite element strategies are developed to model load transfer to reactor’s supports and to simulate soil/structure interaction. Fictitious nodes are generated at bolt locations to transfer the reactor’s loadings from the skirt to the pile cap. Soil-pile interaction is modeled using horizontal and vertical springs along the pile embedded length. Flexible supports are used at the bottom of the piles to stimulate the end bearing of the soil bed. The approach is demonstrated for several case studies of reactors support system.
Findings
The described algorithm is accurate and computationally efficient. Furthermore, the procedure can be used in practice for design catalytic reactor support.
Practical implications
The paper provides very useful guidelines that can be utilized in practice for design of catalytic reactor supports system. The procedure is cost effective and computationally efficient.
Originality/value
Extensive efforts were made in the past to develop economical procedures for catalytic reactors design. Much of the work focused on the process and mechanical aspects of catalytic reactors. Very limited work addressed the structural design aspects. Furthermore, no guidelines are available in current codes of practice.
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Nowadays, with the expansion of terrorist operations around the world and also the dangers of accidental explosions, the need to design structures resistant to this phenomenon for…
Abstract
Purpose
Nowadays, with the expansion of terrorist operations around the world and also the dangers of accidental explosions, the need to design structures resistant to this phenomenon for the protection and safety of its citizens is inevitable. Tall buildings are one of the most important issues because of which those behavior should be investigated against the blast loading.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the authors used a simple method for investigating the dynamic response of tall buildings with the combined system of framed tube, shear core and outrigger-belt truss located at different heights of the building’s that were subjected to blast loading. This proposed model is based on the development of a continuum model and the ruling equations that have been obtained using the energy principle predict the whole structure idealized as a shear and flexural cantilever beam with rotational springs at the belt truss location.
Findings
The mathematical procedure shows a good understanding of the structural behavior and is suitable for a quick evaluation during the preliminary design stage, which requires less time. Moreover, it was concluded that the present blast load idealization can be used to reasonably assess the response of tall buildings subjected to blast load.
Originality/value
The comparative analysis in this paper could give other engineers a simple analysis method for the preliminary analysis and design of tall building analysis. Numerical example is given to illustrate the ease of application and the accuracy of the suggested model.
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Mohammadsina Sharifi Ghalehnoei
The purpose of this study is to develop the performance model of buildings designed by the seismic code 2800 against the explosion wave and determination of safety distance.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to develop the performance model of buildings designed by the seismic code 2800 against the explosion wave and determination of safety distance.
Design/methodology/approach
Analytical models of three-, five- and ten story structures that used moment frame system and also a ten-storey building with shaer wall designed based on the seismic code 2800 in term of design and nonlinear analysis were generated for use with Perform-3D software. Extensive parametric analysis is executed on different explosive loads with 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 Trinitrotoluene, soil types 2 and 3, models eqs and eqbs, the number of story buildings and the effect of shear wall to determine the safety distance based on collapse threshold performance (CP) level criterion.
Findings
The results indicate that by increasing the explosives mass from 100 to 5,000 kg and the number of the stories three and five induce increasing the safety distance of CP level in buildings to 4.5 meter and 3 meter times, respectively. Ten-story structures modeled on shear wall show very good performance because of stiffness rising and high energy absorption. In addition, by increasing the stories from five to ten, the amount of the safety distance reduces the CP level to 3.9 meter times.
Originality/value
The results of this work are meaningful for explosion-resistant design and damage assessments of reinforced concrete moment framed structures subjected to explosive explosion.
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Geigy Co. Ltd. Stand 75. Diversified application of benzotriazole as a corrosion inhibitor specifically for copper and its alloys is the main theme of Geigy's stand.
Delays in projects execution due to improper structural design lead to substantial losses to the owners. Little guidelines are available in practice that deals with structural…
Abstract
Purpose
Delays in projects execution due to improper structural design lead to substantial losses to the owners. Little guidelines are available in practice that deals with structural design of Delayed Coker Units (DCUs). This work describes effective structural criteria for design of DCU used in hydrocarbon industry. Economical procedures are described for steel and concrete design. Design of pump houses supporting DCU is also described.
Design/methodology/approach
Numerical procedures are developed to model pipelines and mechanical equipment loadings. Soil restraints are simulated using horizontal and vertical springs along the pile embedded length. Concrete pile-caps are integrated with steel structure in the analysis model.
Findings
The proposed design approach is cost effective to use in practice. The paper offers economical footprint for design of DCUs that can be used for multiple projects.
Practical implications
The paper provides useful guidelines that can be utilized by engineers for design of coker heater and coker fractionation stacks, steel modules, coke pump house, deluge building, etc.
Originality/value
Currently, there are no guidelines in practice that deal with structural design of DCU. The present work bridges this gap and describes novel strategies that can be utilized for industrial projects.
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Describes the ways in which commercial buildings can be protectedfrom explosive devices, and a variety of modern methods which are costeffective and successful. Analyses major…
Abstract
Describes the ways in which commercial buildings can be protected from explosive devices, and a variety of modern methods which are cost effective and successful. Analyses major threats from terrorists and criminal gangs who target facilities, and lists the four steps of explosive management. Also provides detailed information on the different kinds of glass, doors, walls, floors, etc., that should be installed for a safer building. Finally, outlines mandatory building requirements.
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