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The purpose of this study is to investigate the aesthetic blackening coating formed by a hydrothermal process, focusing on the formation of magnetite and the oxide adhesion for improving the corrosion resistance of the steel.

The aesthetic black coating was applied on AISI 4140 steel using a hydrothermal process with a non-toxic solution consisted of ferrous sulphate hydrate (FeSO4·7H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H₂O). Upon process parameters temperature and time, the morphology of the coatings and oxidation kinetics were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, the samples with coatings were subjected to the adhesion test using a tensile testing machine equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.

From the formation parameters due to temperature and time for the conversion coatings, it was found that the oxidation kinetics had special characteristics which were in accordance with a linear rate law and Arrhenius relation. For the samples blackened, the XRD analysis results revealed that the magnetite was successfully formed on the surface of the steel. On the other hand, increasing the blackening temperature worsened the scale adhesion as observed by the lower strain provoking the first spallation and the higher sensitivity of the oxide to spall out with the imposed strain.

The effects of parameters of the formation of conversion coatings were investigated to understand the kinetics of the coatings. Furthermore, a tensile adhesion test using a CCD camera was applied to evaluate the adhesion between the native oxide formed by conversion coating.

The burnt-out Grenfell tower is a symbol of trauma and sacrificed lives. The brutalist block as a technology of trauma, viewed through its mediated depictions, reveals its condemned predicament between slippages in bureaucracy and governance. Through the formal enquiry into the disaster, the Grenfell victims' trauma is revived, replayed and contained within an archive in which victimhood is captured in a number of stages. The charred remains of the tower as a chronotrope of trauma and of lives cut short yields readings into the politics of social housing, gentrification and social displacement. The testimonials from Grenfell are temporally elongated both through the public review but also in the traces of victims' narratives left on social media in real time through flesh witnessing and as an online repository of death narratives. As a tower of trauma and as the forensic evidence of a disaster, Grenfell is part of the iconography of the ‘blackened’ and their necroaesthetics.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesise a tetrakisazo reactive dye and to characterise its dyeing property to meet the demand for better black reactive dyes.

The novel tetrakisazo navy-blue reactive dye based on 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid was designed and synthesized. The dyeing behaviour of it on cotton fabric was discussed. The synergistic blackening effect and absorbance spectra were investigated by absorbance and reflectance spectra, K/S and colorimetric data.

The exhaustion and fixation of the designed reactive dye were higher than 20 per cent than those of the commercial reactive dye, CI Reactive Black 5. The novel reactive dye has complementary with Reactive Red SPB and Reactive Yellow C-5R in absorbance spectra from 360 to 700 nm. Three reactive dyes had synergistic effect in colour deepening properties. The dyed cotton fabric possessed high K/S value and low reflectance in the whole visual spectrum range from 360 to 700 nm.

Comparison with the commercial Reactive Black DN-RN, the blackness of the dyed fabrics with the mixture dyes was greatly improved and the fastness properties on cotton fabrics were also good.

The paper is an original research work. Because the mixture dyes had better blackness and good fastness properties, it would have wide application in the dyeing of cotton fabric.

This article describes an automatic installation at the Fabrique Nationale D'Armes de Guerre, Belgium

The spirits industry is a major economic contributor worldwide, often requiring years of maturation in barrels that is associated with significant release of ethanol into the surrounding environment. This provides carbon nutrition for colonisation of black fungal growths, one type being Baudoinia compniacensis, or Whisky Black. Although growth is localised in production areas, numerous sites exist globally, and this paper's purpose is to investigate the extent and implications of colonisation.

The paper presents and discusses the results of a visual survey of the area surrounding a site where whisky is maturing in nearby bonded warehouses. The evaluation considers radial zoning distance from the ethanol source and material substrate types and surface textures. Classical key stages of Building Pathology, namely manifestation, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, are considered.

Key findings are that the colonisation of the fungus is non-uniform and dependent on the substrate building material. Additionally, rougher-textured building materials displayed heavier levels of fungal manifestation than smooth materials. Aspects such as distance, wind direction and moisture are considered relative to the extent and level of fungal growth.

This investigation provides the first assessment of the extent and nature of the fungal growth in properties built in surrounding areas to bonded warehouses. Such information can facilitate open dialogue between stakeholders that recognise the aspirations of values of corporate social responsibility, whilst balancing the economic importance of distilling with recognition of the fungus's impact on property values and appropriate recurring remedial treatments.

PHOSPHATING is a process designed to provide steel surfaces with a scuff‐resistant coating, capable of rapid break‐in. A glance through a microscope will reveal that this process is far more than a mere blackening of the surface.

The aim of the present paper was to investigate the inhibition performance of the OF and/or IM on L360 steel in CO₂/H₂S environments. The pipeline steel surface usually has been pre-treated before using in the oil/gas field, such as by passivation, blackening, and phosphiding. The effectiveness of inhibition can vary because there are many differences between the metal matrix and the treated film.

Imidazoline (IM) was synthesized by using oleic acid and diethylenetriamine, and its composition was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The oxide film (OF) covering a sample of L360 steel was characterized using X-ray diffraction, and its surface morphology was observed using scanning electron microscope. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted to study the inhibition performance of IM- and/or OF-covered L360 steel in the CO₂/H₂S environments.

The results show that IM and OF can prevent corrosion on L360 steel in CO₂/H₂S environments, and the synergistic inhibition effect of IM and OF was very evident. A possible model is proposed to explain the synergistic inhibition effect in the CO₂/H₂S environments of IM and OF on L360 steel.

Few reports have concerned the effect of the OF on the inhibitor’s performance, especially in CO₂/H₂S systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition performance of the OF and/or IM on L360 steel in CO₂/H₂S environments. A model is proposed to explain the synergistic inhibition effect mechanism between IM and OF.