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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the applicability of biometric systems in travel and explain how they can be used in response to today's increasing security problems.

This research is conceptual. Its analysis is based on an extensive review of literature on biometric systems.

Biometric systems can improve travel security without compromising consumer value, convenience, and privacy. Deployment of various applications of biometric systems (i.e. immigration/visitor management systems, trusted traveler programs) improve specific aspects of travel security. Biometric systems present challenges, associated with consumers' perceptions of system functionality, privacy, trust, and anxiety, which must be examined in the context of consumer adoption. To achieve synergy in travel information technology and provide benefits to all stakeholders, biometric systems must seamlessly integrate with other travel technologies, both intra‐firm and inter‐firm.

This research provides a domain statement for biometric systems in travel and stays at the foundation of a methodical approach for the study of biometric systems in travel. It offers a conceptual framework that asserts that an integrated deployment and adoption of biometric systems in travel can transform the current travel system into an ideal, more secure system. Further, this study formulates a number of propositions for further empirical examination of biometric systems in specific fields within travel.

This research provides specific suggestions to integrate biometric systems with the existing systems to achieve synergies and derive benefits for travel stakeholders.

Addressing the security‐privacy relationship, biometric systems have social implications. Travelers' concerns about privacy, fear of harm, trust, and anxiety are found to influence their view of biometric systems, with potential implications for adoption and use.

To date, there is scant academic research examining how biometric systems improve travel security. Thus, the position of this research is unique: it offers insight into a technology that is promising for both research and practitioners investigating the role of biometric systems in improving travel security and paves the way for a multitude of specific research directions.

The purpose of this paper is to review viable biometric technologies and examine their applicability in the hospitality and tourism businesses.

First, the different types of biometrics in the market with their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed, followed by a discussion of current applications within the hospitality and tourism sector.

Potential business impacts of biometrics are identified such as increased consumer convenience, operational efficiency, and security. Meanwhile, despite its great benefits, consumers' privacy concerns that are raised during biometric data collection and management processes may keep the technology from realizing its full potential.

The paper only presents a glimpse of what may be done with the technology, as the potential extent of its usage is bound only by management's imagination while the possibilities that the technology brings to industry may be numerous.

Hospitality and tourism companies must have clear goals and logical approaches for usage and implementation of biometric technologies. They also need to be acutely aware of any privacy, guest perceptions, attitude towards, and trust factors that may surround the usage of biometric technologies. Moreover, corporate responsibility and ethical usage of the information obtained from biometrics may influence guest willingness to use the technology.

The paper has value in that there has been a lack of research on the impact of biometrics on the service industry, as well as user concerns towards the technology, rather than system development.

This paper aims to assist readers to develop a compelling business case, including quantifiable and non‐quantifiable costs and benefits, for the deployment of biometric technologies in information systems to enhance corporate security for access control, identification and verification applications.

The paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of leading biometric technologies, while commenting on their practical applicability in real world implementations. In addition, the paper develops a process for ensuring that the best biometric applications are chosen, considering both the technology and related business issues.

The paper suggests that biometrics must be carefully selected to achieve a good fit to the security problem, giving examples of how a good fit might be evaluated by the user. The one‐time and recurring charges associated with the typical biometric implementation are evaluated, arguing that these costs must be offset by a formal risk evaluation. The paper presents a user's guide for sensible implementation evaluations. Finally, the paper emphasizes that the use of biometrics in systems security implementations is one tool among many, and must thus be viewed as only part of an overall information security management infrastructure.

In order to select biometric technologies, buyers must choose solutions to business problems, solutions that demonstrate that the biometric makes sense from a cost‐benefit and business perspective. This paper, in a step‐by‐step manner, walks readers through the decision‐making process and assists them in making compelling business arguments for biometric applications.

This study aims to investigate the implications, risks and challenges of data privacy due to the use of immersive technology in the hospitality industry.

The authors adopt a mixed-method approach. Study 1 is a focus group. The authors then provide external and ecological validity with a field experiment conducted with 139 hotel clients at a three-star continental European hotel.

Collecting biometric data results in unbalanced privacy compared to biographic data, as it diminishes individuals’ control over their data and grants organizations absolute power. This unbalanced privacy directly influences consumers’ willingness to disclose information, affecting their choice of hotels and access to services.

Hotels should redesign their strategies to accommodate heightened privacy risks with biometric data. This can be obtained by introducing systems that foster customer confidence in data usage and facilitate customers’ willingness to disclose biometrics through immersive technology or biographic data.

This study introduces unbalanced privacy as a unique state due to sharing biometric data. The authors propose a novel doctrine, the uncontrollable privacy paradox, which is a shift from the privacy paradox. The uncontrollable privacy paradox addresses the unbalanced privacy envisaged through consumer powerlessness in data management. This research addresses the literature gap on the privacy paradox by offering a broader perspective, including business, industry and mixed reality considerations.

This paper aims to extend the technology acceptance model (TAM) to explore the factors influencing a hotel customer’s intention to use a fingerprint system instead of a traditional keycard system and the moderating factors (i.e. gender and age) on the relationships between the proposed factors and the customer’s intention to use fingerprint technology. When hotels add new technologies, the potential vulnerability of their systems also increases. Underestimating such risks can possibly result in massive losses from identity theft and related fraud for hoteliers. Customers who are aware of these risks may become more open to innovative methods of identification or verification, such as biometrics.

The online survey instrument was developed based on TAMs. The authors collected complete 526 responses from hotel customers and tested the hypotheses using structural equation modeling.

This study found seven factors (i.e. perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, perceived convenience, perceived data security, perceived property security and personal concerns) which significantly influence a hotel customer’s intention to use fingerprint technology. Gender and age played important moderating roles in the relationships between some of these factors and the intention to use.

Recommendations are made as to how hotels can benefit from the implementation of biometrics, particularly fingerprint systems. For example, a hotel’s marketing campaign can be more effective by emphasizing the advantages of fingerprint technology related to “data security and convenience” for younger consumers (i.e. Gen X and Gen Y).

Both educators and practitioners will benefit from the findings of this empirical study, as there are very few published studies on a customer’s fingerprint technology acceptance in the hotel context.

In this paper biometric technology will be defined and then discussed as to how it will help the business world protect its information. Background will be given to show how identification and authentication have developed throughout the years and why another form of authorization needs to come to the forefront. There are reasons for higher security and biometric authentication will be shown to be the solution to answer this call. Biometric is a powerful way of deciding who can gain access to our most valuable systems in this volatile world. Factors will be uncovered about what can and will affect an identification system, which will lead us to the feasibility of implementing a biometric system. As one will see, biometric will not be the best choice for everyone. Already, parts of the Department of Defense community rely on this technology in order to maintain the integrity of their own systems. For the business world, it is critical that biometric be grasped now in order to do the same.

Today's increasingly interconnected world presents substantial challenges for the security of air travel, which can be attenuated by using registered traveler biometric systems (RTBS). While several systems have been deployed (i.e. Global Entry), it is not clear how a mass adoption of registered traveler biometric systems can be predicted. Using data from air travelers, the aim of this study is to examine the link between air travelers' perceptions of several air travel attributes and their intentions to use RTBS.

This study used an exploratory factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality of 17 perceptions of air travel experience attributes. Further, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine if any of the air travel attribute groups are useful in distinguishing between travelers favorable v. unfavorable toward RTBS.

This study found that travelers' perceptions of several air travel attributes are linked to their intentions to use RTBS. Specifically, the in‐flight service experience, the efficiency of the pre‐flight processing, and the emphasis on customers' time are useful in discriminating between travelers who are favorable v. unfavorable toward registered traveler biometric systems.

This study shows how certain groups of air travel attributes, which are “visible”, can discriminate between air travelers willing and unwilling to use RTBS. Also, by focusing on general air travel attributes, this study provides a broader understanding of how travelers form criteria to evaluate air travel service performance. Finally, this study offers distinctive insight into the voluntary use of biometric technology in airports.

This study has important implications for improving the security of air travel and understanding better a technology that is associated with strong consumer sentiments.

Being among the first studies to examine air travel attribute perceptions and travelers' intentions to approach or reject RTBS, this study makes an important step in the general understanding of biometric system adoption in air travel. By finding the links between air travel attributes and intentions to use RTBS, this study provides a unique approach to understanding the potential use of RTBS in travel, with important implications for an improved management and marketing of RTBS. Also, the study establishes a link between air travel attributes and technologies designed to enhance the air service experience.

This study aims to explain how hotel guests form attitudes toward facial recognition technology in Singapore by integrating technology acceptance model (TAM), privacy calculus theory and personal innovativeness.

A self-administered online questionnaire was developed with measurements adopted from past research. Guests who stayed in four- or five-star hotels in Singapore were recruited via systematic random sampling. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the proposed integrated models.

Results showed that hotel guests performed calculative cognitive processes, weighing the benefits and risks of using facial recognition check-in system. Contradictory to the past research which suggested that trust activates both perceived risk and benefits, this study demonstrated that trust independently directed consumer attention on the benefits gained while risk perception was triggered by privacy concern. Furthermore, the current study revealed that the ease of use of facial recognition check-in system could possibly backfire.

The research indicates that the effort to adopt new technology in the hotel industry is promising in view of the growing millennials and Generation Z population who are digital natives. Furthermore, the current study highlights ways to elevate institutional trust and divert consumers’ attention from risk perception to enhance their positive attitude and behavior toward accepting facial recognition check-in system.

This study integrated TAM with privacy calculus theory and personal innovativeness in examining the acceptance of facial recognition check-in system in the hotel industry in Singapore. This study is also the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to investigate the relationships among privacy concern, perceived risk, institutional trust and perceived benefits, as well as their effects on consumers’ attitudes and behavior toward the biometric system.

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to review and critically evaluate robots, artificial intelligence and service automation (RAISA) applications in the restaurant industry to educate professors, graduate students, and industry professionals.

Design/methodology/approach: This chapter is a survey of applications of RAISA in restaurants. The chapter is based on the review of professional and peer-reviewed academic literature, and the industry insight section was prepared based on a 50-minute interview with Mr. Juan Higueros, Chief Operations Officer of Bear Robotics.

Findings: Various case studies presented in this chapter illustrate numerous possibilities for automation: from automating a specific function to complete automation of the front of the house (e.g., Eatsa) or back of the house (e.g., Spyce robotic kitchen). The restaurant industry has already adopted chatbots; voice-activated and biometric technologies; robots as hosts, food runners, chefs, and bartenders; tableside ordering; conveyors; and robotic food delivery.

Practical implications: The chapter presents professors and students with a detailed overview of RAISA in the restaurant industry that will be useful for educational and research purposes. Restaurant owners and managers may also benefit from reading this chapter as they will learn about the current state of technology and opportunities for RAISA implementation.

Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this chapter presents the first systematic and in-depth review of RAISA technologies in the restaurant industry.

Reviews current vulnerabilities of US civil infrastructure and how they might be addressed with identification/authentication technologies.

Paper presents brief overview of biometric technology – its history, evolution since 9/11 and current state of the technology. Paper then reviews identity‐based US civil infrastructure vulnerabilities and how they may be mitigated with the integration of biometrics into risk management systems.

Much has been achieved in the maturation of biometrics in the past five years with respect to standards development, scalability and testing; thus making them far more applicable to large scale deployment.

Biometrics, on a stand‐alone basis, but more often when integrated with other ID/authentication technologies can have a positive impact on the security of US civil infrastructure.

Paper offers those responsible for civil infrastructure protection new approaches to identify assurance.