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This paper aims to present a theoretical underpinning for the fact that empirical studies have found an inverted-U curve relationship between emigration and per capita income, based on credit restrictions. The implications for tax policy are also analyzed.

Using an intertemporal general equilibrium model, the authors characterize how the presence of an “inverted U-curve” relationship between emigration and per capita income will influence the optimal tax and expenditure policy in a country where agents have the option to move abroad.

Among the results it is shown that if age-dependent taxes are available, the presence of an inverted-U curve provides an incentive to tax young labor harder, but old labor less hard, than otherwise.

This migration model fits the empirical facts of migration better than most of the migration models previously used in the optimal taxation literature.

Principal-agency theory was adapted from business and economics to explain the behavior of various government actors. Yet the idea of an agent and a principal is only depicted in a limited fashion when discussed in light of the realm of business and economics. Legal studies has grappled with the idea of agency well before political science or economics. I lay out the basic principles of both agency law and Congressional principal-agent theory. I then establish the groundwork for drawing important connections between agency law and principal-agency theory. I also analyze and attempt to ameliorate differences between these two theoretical approaches.

While the interest in alternative metalization processes for the manufacturing of printed wiring boards is extremely keen, the long‐term reliability of plated through holes fabricated with these electroless copper alternatives remains in question. However, during the last three years, significant process improvements have been made in the direct metalization process based on a patented dispersion of graphite. This paper will describe the technology in detail and present data on the reliability and versatility of the graphite based direct metalization process.

Robert Hauptman first raised awareness about the ethical issues of reference service in 1976. Hauptman, a library school student at the time, did a study on the culpability, or lack thereof, in reference service provided by librarians. In his study, Hauptman posed as a library patron seeking potentially dangerous information. The behavior examined was how librarians respond to the request for material on how to build a bomb that would be powerful enough to blow up a house. Hauptman tried to present himself as a person of questionable character. He used six public and seven academic libraries in this study. Hauptman first made sure that he was speaking to the reference librarian. He then requested information for the construction of a small explosive, requesting specifically the chemical properties of cordite. He then asked for information on the potency of such an explosive, whether or not it could blow up a suburban house (Hauptman, Wilson Library Bulletin, 1976, p. 626).

This paper aims to to explore the possibility of utilization of Ipomoea batatas as a novel binding agent for hot-set restructured meat products. Further, green coffee bean (GCB) extract was used as a natural ingredient to improve the lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of the developed restructured mutton blocks.

Restructured mutton blocks were used as a model and were prepared by incorporating different levels of I. batatas, namely, 1, 3 and 5 per cent and analyzed for various quality parameters. Restructured mutton blocks containing optimum level of I. batatas were further treated with GCB (1 per cent) extract as a natural ingredient and assessed for various lipid oxidative stability and storage quality parameters under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C).

Restructured mutton blocks containing 3 per cent level of I. batatas were optimized as best on the basis of various quality parameters. Although a significant declining trend was observed in the sensory characteristics with storage; however, the products containing GCB extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher acceptability. The mean scores for overall acceptability for products with GCB extract on day 0 was 7.4 ± 0.1 and for control was 7.3 ± <0.1. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS, mg malonaldehyde/kg) and free fatty acid (FFA, % oleic acid) values were observed for the products containing GCB extract. The mean TBARS and FFA values for products with GCB extract on day 0 were 0.2 ± <0.1 and 0.08 ± <0.1 and for control were 0.3 ± <0.1 and 0.09 ± <0.1, respectively. The restructured mutton blocks containing GCB extract also showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values for various microbiological characteristics like total plate count (log cfu/g) and psychrophilic count (log cfu/g).

The results showed herein indicate a promising industrial application of I. batatas (3 per cent) as a binding agent for restructured meat products and GCB extract (1 per cent) as a novel natural ingredient for improved lipid oxidative stability and storage quality.

Notes that cellular is the inevitable future architecture for the personal communication service system (PCS). This is important for wireless mobile communications and will eventually be integrated with the Internet. Recent initiatives to add mobility to the Internet and packet data services for the next generation cellular systems are being considered by many mobile service providers, and providing a seamless support for IP‐based packet switched services is an important issue. Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (Ipv6) is a new version of the Internet Protocol that was standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It supports mobility and is presently being standardized by the IETF Mobile IP Working Group. Discusses the current cellular support based on Ipv6 and points out the shortfalls of using Mobile IP. Highlights protocols especially for mobile management schemes which can optimize a high speed mobile station moving among small wireless cells.

This systematic literature review analyses the determinants and consequences of executive compensation-related shareholder activism and say-on-pay (SOP) votes. The review covers 71 empirical articles published between January 1995 and September 2017. The studies are reviewed within an empirical research framework that separates the reasons for shareholder activism and SOP voting dissent as input factor on the one hand and the consequences of shareholder pressure as output factor on the other. This procedure identifies the five most important groups of factors in the literature: the level and structure of executive compensation, firm characteristics, corporate governance mechanisms, shareholder structure and stakeholders. Of these, executive compensation and firm characteristics are the most frequently examined. Further examination reveals that the key assumptions of neoclassical principal agent theory for both managers and shareholders are not always consistent with recent empirical evidence. First, behavioral aspects (such as the perception of fairness) influence compensation activism and SOP votes. Second, non-financial interests significantly moderate shareholder activism. Insofar, we recommend integrating behavioral and non-financial aspects into the existing research. The implications are analyzed, and new directions for further research are discussed by proposing 19 different research questions.

Piperidine side chain-functionalized N, N′-bissalicylidene phenylene di amine di-anion (salphen) consisting of salphen-Zn and salphen-Cu are able to intercalate with nucleic base stacking of DNA and can be applied as an optical DNA hybridization detector. Attaching DNA and salphen to glass surfaces has been done via coating the surface with the silane coupling agents containing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane that was synthesized for acting as a high-affinity RNA carrier matrix. The Schiff base salphen-zinc (II) and salphen-Cu (II) complexes-labelled probe to target nucleic acid renders a colour change of the DNA biosensor to a green and red background colour for zinc and copper, respectively. This study aims to indicate that the DNA biosensor data with high efficiency is used for detection of dengue virus serotypes 2 (DENV-2) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) concentration via salphen-Zn (II) and salphen-Cu (II), respectively, in human samples.

¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR have been used via PerkinElmer LAMBDA 35 instrument. The authors also used a double beam spectrophotometer with (CH₃)4Si (TMS) as reference and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent reference in pH = 7.0. Various DNA concentrations have been used for UV spectrophotometry at 300 nm and 400 nm for zinc and copper complexes, respectively. BRUKER mass spectra with DIONEX Ultimate 3000 LC model were used for all measurements. Mettler Teledo model (DSC882e) of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for measure the melting temperature of metal zinc and copper complexes. The morphology of the silica Nano spheres (SiNs) were scanned by FESEM with Model JSM-6700F from Japan.

The Cu (II) and Zn (II)-salphen-viruses DNA system for CHIKV and DENV-2, respectively, in different concentration have been investigated via various spectroscopies (Figure 3). CHIKV and DENV-2 DNA were selected from human saliva and urine samples as models for conformations of human G4-DNA. By increasing the amounts of DNAs, and G4, the UV–Vis bands of located above 300 nm, experienced a hypochromic effect. The Cu2+ complex exhibits selectivity towards the G4, and there is a similar affinity for Zn²⁺ complex binds to the G4. These results collectively suggest that the Cu²⁺ complex is stronger than the Zn2+ complex. The authors have found copper (II) and zinc (II) compounds and nucleic acid-complexes are strongly fluorescent molecules in the low energy range, from the visible to the near-infrared. Since the fluorescent emission of Zn (II) and Cu (II) complexes are enhanced by the binding to nucleic acids upon visible light exposure when bound to DNA. These complexes are important as selective fluorescent probes for nucleic acids and to highlight their potential application. UV–vis spectroscopy is an accurate for finding the extent of ligand interaction with DNA and metallic complexes–DNA binding. Generally, the binding of intercalative compounds to DNA can be characterized through absorption spectral titrations, where lowering in absorbance (hypochromism) and shift to longer wavelengths (red shift) were observed in this work.

The serum samples have been provided as citrate and collected in tubes after blood is allowed to clot. Then, it has been separated by centrifugation, and the authors have kept serum refrigerated at 4°C or frozen at –20°C. It is notable; specimens have been confirmed by Centres for Disease Control (CDC)-Dengue Branch previously. For the work, these samples have been frozen previously, and the diagnostic practiced tests at the CDC-Dengue Branch have been validated in serum and plasma. Therefore, plasma separated in lavender or heparins are suitable and acceptable for serology testing.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

IN treating of the glueing of wood one must distinguish between the mere carpentering operation of glueing, in order to produce a strong and watertight joint with the greatest economy of material and weight, and glueing undertaken to improve and enhance the qualities of the wood. For the latter one employs the most modern technical equipment and methods.