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The aim of this study is to explore the barriers and drivers of green supply chain management (GSCM) in Lebanese restaurants. The author of this paper classified the barriers and drivers as internal and external factors. This study further assesses the level of knowledge of GSCM in the Lebanese restaurant industry. In particular, the case of “Besten” is addressed to tackle the major drivers and barriers to adopting GSCM.

This paper follows the pure qualitative research design as the design is based on an interview. Further, this paper adopts the interpretivism research. As for the research approach, this paper adopts the inductive approach. Regarding the research strategy (data collection method), this paper is a case study discussing the level of awareness of GSCM, the drivers, and the barriers to adopting GSCM by a Lebanese independent restaurant, “Besten.” As for the choice of research methodology, a qualitative interview is conducted with the owner of “Besten” restaurant, Mr. Omar El Mais, to discuss and try to figure out the main impediments and motivators of adopting GSCM at Besten.

The study found that the major drivers of adopting GSCM in the Lebanese restaurant context, more specifically in Besten, are management's awareness, management mentality, gaining customers' trust and loyalty, the intention of going international, and market trends. The latter two drivers are specific to the Lebanese context and were not mentioned in previous research. As for the barriers, the major ones are the cost constraints, lack of Lebanese laws and regulations, the Lebanese economic crisis since 2019, and loss of funds to banks. The latter three barriers are specific to the Lebanese context and were not stated before in the literature.

Although the research is restricted to one case study, the research tackles and provides an in-depth understanding and elaboration of GSCM adoption, barriers, and drivers within one of the Lebanese independent restaurants as the topic has not yet been tackled within the Lebanese context. The results of this paper are specific to “Besten” and cannot be generalized.

Policymakers and non - governmental organizations (NGOs) might benefit from the findings of the study and set the needed laws/regulations to promote GSCM. Policymakers and NGOs might benefit from the findings of this study and implement the needed awareness campaigns about GSCM to the concerned bodies. Further, restaurant owners/managers might benefit from this study and gain a better understanding and insight of the GSCM, GSCM's potential barriers, and drivers in case restaurant owners/managers would like to adopt GSCM in the future.

Awareness and adoption of the GSCM within the restaurant context is essential in saving the environment, reducing waste, and reducing harmful emissions.

Despite the widespread literature about GSCM practices, the GSCM has not been tackled yet in the Lebanese context although the Lebanese context varies from other countries and what can be deduced from other countries regarding GSCM may not be adequate given the Lebanese complexities. The case study discussed in this research provides an in-depth understanding of this concept, GSCM's adoption, the internal and external drivers, and the internal and external barriers within one restaurant in the complex Lebanese restaurant context.

Es erscheint deshalb gerechtfertigt zu zeigen, welche Art der schaubildlichen Darstellung der Betriebsstruktur den Bedürfnissen des Fremdenverkehrsbetriebes am besten entspricht. Die Forderungen, die an eine solche zu erheben sind, müssen von vornherein dahin gehen, dass sie zugleich relativ einfach, übersichtlich und, wenn immer möglich, für alle Fremdenverkehrsbetriebe verwendbar zu sein hat. Blosse Stabund Liniendiagramme können kaum genügen. Sie geben wohl über den Instanzenzug Aufschluss, beleuchten aber damit nur eine, wenn auch wichtige Seite der Betriebsstruktur. Vor allem lassen sie jedoch eine Klarlegung des Zusammenspiels von Stellen, Rangstufen und Funktionen vermissen. Dieser Mangel wird allein in befriedigender Weise behoben durch das Funktionendiagramm, wie es vor allem durch Nordsieck entwickelt und von Ulrich in den Mittelpunkt seiner schaubildlichen Erörterungen der Betriebsorganisation gestellt worden ist. Geht man etwa auf den Funktionenbegriff von Schnutenhaus zurück, womit keine Stellungnahme verbunden sei, so ergibt sich für ein derartiges Diagramm das folgende allgemeine Schema:

Im XIX.Jahrhundert sah man im Markt nicht nur den besten Motor des Wirtschaftens, sondern überforderte den Markt zugleich, indem man ihm die Kompaß‐Funktion anvertraute, sozusagen ein alleinseligmachendes kybernetisches Steuerungsgerät in ihm sah. Die sozialen und wirtschaftspolitischen Steuerungsmaßnahmen des XX. Jahrhunderts schränkten allzuoft die Antriebskräfte des Marktes soweit ein, daß sie entweder unfähig wurden, ihre Arbeit zu tun, oder in einer unheilvollen Verquickung mit den Lenkungsmaßnahmen die Nachteile beider Systeme kombinierten.

The paper aims to provide robust evidence about the relationships between key individual characteristics of owners and managers (OMs) and small and medium enterprises (SMEs)' growth and the moderating influence of the country context on these relationships.

The authors meta-analyzed 62 studies presenting a cumulative sample of 175 effect-sizes and 174,590 SMEs.

The authors found that SMEs led by more experienced men with higher levels of education are more likely to grow. While the relationship between OMs' experience and SMEs' growth is significant for differing country contexts, national characteristics affect the magnitude of the influence that OMs' education and gender specifically exert on SME expansion. The authors also found that the positive impact of OMs' human capital on SMEs' growth increases when these firms are focused on technology.

The study yielded small-effect sizes for the impact of OMs' human capital and gender on SMEs' growth. Researchers can assess the influence of these characteristics on SMEs' growth along with other individual dimensions.

The current study is the first meta-analytical investigation about the influence of OMs' gender on SMEs' growth. The study focuses solely on SME OMs, as SMEs are not simply larger businesses on a smaller scale. The authors employ a wide set of country-level moderators in the research going beyond most empirical examinations of the topic that have given only marginal attention to moderators.

Die Ausführung der Verträge über den Gemeinsamen Markt wird für alle Wirtschaftsbereiche in den beteiligten sechs Ländern von erheblicher Bedeutung sein. Diese Feststellung scheint zu einem Zeitpunkt, in dem die EWG bereits Realität geworden ist, und angesichts der Tatsache, dass in fast allen Branchen schon Vorkehrungen zur Anpassung an die neue Markt‐situation getroffen wurden, ohne weiteres gerechtfertigt zu sein.

Die Festlegung des Zeitpunktes für Kuraufenthalte, Erholungsferien und Vergnügungsreisen ist das komplexe Ergebnis verschiedenartiger Faktoren; diese sind teils individueller, teils kollektiver Natur. Zu den individuellen Einflüssen zählen persönliche Liebhabereien oder die Notwendigkeit einer Erholungskur infolge Erkrankung oder während der Rekonvaleszenz nach einer Krankheit oder einer Operation; zu den kollektiven Faktoren gehören dagegen Schul‐ oder Betriebsferien, günstige Reisegelegenheiten oder besonders geeignete Jahreszeit.

The purpose of this paper is to explore consequences of the use of social media for idea generation.

The paper analyzes over 600 ideas submitted to a Slate‐Twitter contest to find the best short characterization of the American Declaration of Independence. These findings are then compared with those of Kornish and Ulrich, who analyzed idea‐contests in classroom settings.

In the Slate‐Twitter contest, repetition of ideas was rare while recombination was frequent. The evolution in the total number of unique ideas suggests that the contest became more focused over time. It also appears that ideas that are recognized as valuable attract similar ideas in turn.

Further checks will be needed with regard to the robustness of the findings. Furthermore, while the current analysis relies on peer review by participants to the contest to value submissions, results might be different if it were done on the basis of independent external reviews. Conceptually, the findings suggest that idea generation via social media has a more iterative character than previously analyzed forms of broadcast search. Future research could investigate what triggers more exploration and exploitation of ideas in this process.

For businesses, which are more and more encouraged to engage in open innovation, the analysis can serve as guide on the use of social media for information collection.

The paper provides a simple and effective method to monitor social media, which firms can use to their advantage.

Bei einem Phänomen wie dem Fremdenverkehr, das relativ jung ist und sich noch in voller Entfaltung befindet, besteht Veranlassung genug, von Zeit zu Zeit zu überprüfen, worum es sich dabei eigentlich handelt und inwieweit die Wissenschaft zum Zuge kommt. Eine derartige Überprüfung dürfte um so mehr gegeben sein, wenn sie im Zusammenhange mit einem Kongress erfolgt, in dessen Mittelpunkt das touristische Ausbildungsproblem steht. Dies deshalb, weil die Ausbildung an sich einer klaren Kennzeichnung des Gegenstandes bedarf, der ihr zugrunde liegt, und weil sie, auf höherer Stufe betrieben, das dritte Glied der wissenschaftlichen Kette darstellt, wovon die Forschung das erste und die Lehre das zweite sind.

The study aims to investigate the potency of fermented rice bran extract as anti-hypercholesterolemia product by looking at its effect on lipid profile levels and blood glucose levels in dyslipidemia model rats.

Rice bran was fermented using Rhizopus oligosporus-contained tempeh mold extracted using distilled water. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control group and hypercholesterolemia groups. Hypercholesterolemia, also known as dyslipidemia, was induced with fructose-supplemented high-fat diet. Rats induced with dyslipidemia received three different fermented rice bran extract doses, 0 (negative) 1102.5 mg/kgBW/day (FRBE 1) and 2205 mg/kgBW/day (FRBE 2). Blood was collected before and after four weeks of treatment for lipid profile and blood glucose analysis.

FRBE 2 had significantly lower total cholesterol (101.6 ± 3.3 vs 187.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL), triglyceride (83.3 ± 2.8 vs 130.7 ± 3.4 mg/dL) and LDL level (27.9 ± 1.7 vs 76.7 ± 1.5 mg/dL) but higher HDL level (64.1 ± 3.0 vs 25.5 ± 1.2 mg/dL) compared to the negative group (p < 0.001). Provision of fermented rice bran showed dose-response relationship in all blood lipid markers.

This study was the first to investigate the effectivity of Rhizopus sp.-fermented rice bran extract to improve glucose and lipid profile.

The attention of scholars and policy makers towards the topic of innovation has consistently increased, especially in recent years. This is justified by the fact that innovation undoubtedly plays, today, a crucial role in driving a country’s economic growth, improving productivity and, more generally, enhancing overall societal well-being.

When the discourse around innovation focuses on its economic dimension, the strong intertwinement with entrepreneurship emerges. In line with this, focusing on research on innovation in organisations and, especially, innovation in relation to the figure of the entrepreneur is considered, plenty of studies have been carried on, over time, in many disciplines, analysing the role of the entrepreneur in relation to innovation from various different angles. However, especially when management studies are considered, we can notice a poor consideration of the role played by the gender of the entrepreneur. In line with this consideration, by means of a systematic literature review, this chapter aims to fill this literature gap focusing on the intertwinement that can be envisaged, in management studies, among the issues of entrepreneurship and innovation in the case of women-owned firms.